TL 2202

How waste is generated, solid waste ,circular

economy

Disampaikan oleh:
Emenda Sembiring
 perspective; magnitude of problems,
solid waste, circular economy; solid
waste management in Indonesia
Tale of two barges
 Perspective
 What is solid waste?
Solid waste are all the waste arising from human activities that
are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted
 Solid waste is material, which is not in liquid form, and ‘has
no’ value to the person who is responsible for it.
 Although human or animal excreta ends up in the solid
waste stream, generally the term solid waste does not
include such materials
 Municipal solid waste: refers to solid waste from houses,
street and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals, which
are very often are the responsibility of municipal or other
governmental authorities
 Perspectives

 Solid waste from industrial (and others) processes are

generally not considered municipal solid waste, they
need to be taken into account when dealing with
solid waste as the usually, end up in the municipal
solid waste stream.
 SWM (Review, Act No. 18 year 2008)

Solid Waste Classificatiom:

1. Household solid waste  everyday activity , not including
domestics waste-water or night soil
2. Solid waste similar to hh solid waste  commercial
area,industrial area, public facilities , etc. (Government act No
81/2012)
3. Specific waste  (Government act No PP27/2020)
a) Hh Hazardous waste;
b) Solid waste mixed with hazardous waste;
c) Disaster waste ;
d) Construction and demolition waste ;
e) Untreated waste because the limitation of available
technology
f) Un periodical waste
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 SWM (Review Act 18/2008 )

A. Waste Reduction :
B. Waste Handling, :
a) Segregation
b) Collection;
c) Transportation
d) Treatment
e) Landfiling

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 SWM (Review Act 18/2008 ) Timbulan Sampah

SWM Principles: Penanganan Sampah :

Pemisahan – Pewadahan –

a) Responsible, Proses di sumber

b) Sustain,
c) Benefit, Pengumpulan

d) Fairness,
e) Conciousnes,
Pemindahan dan Pemisahan – Pemerosesan –
f) Inclusivity Pengangkutan dan Transformasi Sampah
g) Safety
h) Economic value Pembuangan Akhir
(Disposal)

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 How waste is generated?
Bahan Baku Sisa

Sisa limbah
Manufaktur

Pengolahan Manufaktur
dan recovery Sekunder

Konsumen

Pembuangan
Akhir
Sumber : Tchobanoglous, Theisen & Vigil, 1993
 PERSPECTIVE: WASTE COMPOSITION

Bandung city, PD Kbersihan2012 Sumedang Regency, BLH 2012 Garut

Regency, Dinas Kebersihan 2012

Bandung regency, BPSR 2009

 Magnitude of Problems

 Average waste generation in the city: 2.5-3.5 l/c/d, or

0.8 kg/c/d (1995) and is predicted 2,1 kg/c/d (2020)

 Service level 54,42% (Susenas, 2006); 56,2% (Riskesdas,

2010)
Population generation Total waste Total waste
(l/c/d) (L/d) (Ton/d)
625,000,000
250,000,000 2.50
156,250
 Magnitude of problem
 Global map with each country shaded according to the estimated mass of
mismanaged plastic waste [millions of metric tons (MT)] generated in 2010
by populations living within 50 km of the coast from 192 countries.
(Jambeck, Geyer,Wilcox,Siegler, Perryman, Andrady, Narayan,Law, 2015)
 Issues: micro-plastics

 The plastic waste from mainland eventually become a

micro plastics. Micro-plastics result from
fragmentation of plastics waste or other commercial
products (Mani, Hauk, Walter, Holm, 2015)
HOW TO COPE WITH PROBLEM?

SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Use &
Emission Use

S
production
reduction restrictions
quota

o
Adaptation of Recovery &
Behavioral Clean-up
production reintroduction
changes programmes
processes programmes

l
Drivers Pressures State Impacts
u Human
needs
Human
activities
Ecosystem /
environment
Ecosystem
services

t ? ? ?
i
Responses
o Human
interventions

n Society Environment

s Resources
(e.g., money)
Adequate
Governance
Structures
Knowledge
Awareness &
education
• No one solution, fits all
• Cultural context
• Transdisciplinary approach:
• stakeholders
• multiple disciplines

• Motivation and creativity

 Waste management Goal

 the protection of men and the environment,

 and the conservation of resources such as
materials,energy and space
 no export of waste related issues in time (Brunner
and Rechberger, 2015)
 Strategies of SWM

 The strategies to cope with growing wastes were

manifold,
 from removal of waste as fast as possible  to bury
and forget, to filter strategies  to recycling and
urban mining, and to today’s waste hierarchy.
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Prinsip dalam Pengelolaan Limbah

 The “Polluter Pays” Principle

merupakan prinsip pencemar yang membayar, dimana
semua penghasil limbah secara hukum dan finansial
bertanggung jawab untuk menggunakan metode yang aman
dan ramah lingkungan di dalam pengelolaan limbah yang
mereka hasilkan.
 The “Precautionary” Principle
merupakan sebuah prinsip pencegahan, dimana prinsip
kunci yang mengatur masalah perlindungan kesehatan dan
keselamatan.
 Prinsip dalam Pengelolaan Limbah

 The “Duty of Care” Principle

merupakan prinsip yang menetapkan bahwa siapa saja yang
menangani atau mengelola zat berbahaya atau peralatan
yang terkait dengannya, secara etik bertanggung jawab
untuk menerapkan kewaspadaan tinggi di dalam
menjalankan tugasnya
 The ”Proximity” Principle
sebuah prinsip kedekatan, dimana penangananan limbah
sebaiknya dilakukan di lokasi yang sedekat mungkin dengan
sumbernya untuk meminimalkan risiko yang mungkin ada
dalam pemindahannya.
 KONSEP END OF PIPE
 “an approach to pollution control which concentrates upon
effluent treatment or filtration prior to discharge into the
environment, as opposed to making changes in the process giving
rise to the wastes”
 Term of 'end-of-pipe' as they are normally implemented as a last
stage of a process before the stream is disposed of or delivered.
 Pendekatan hilir untuk penyelesaian permasalahan yang
diakibatkan dari keberadaan limbah
 Hanya berkonsentrasi penanganan limbah setelah limbah
terbentuk
 Diaplikasikan terhadap suatu proses terbentuknya limbah
yang tidak dapat dicegah (Mis. Gas dari landfilling)
Konsep Pollution Prevention (P2)

 Mengurangi atau meniadakan volume atau keberbahayaan

dari bahan, polutan atau limbah di sumber sehingga tidak
menjadi aliran limbah di udara, tanah atau perairan.
 Merupakan pendekatan proaktif terhadap pengelolaan
lingkungan
 Tidak sama dengan kontrol pencemaran atau pengelolaan
limbah dimana pengelolaan pencemar dilakukan di ujung
proses (end of the pipe)
 Terdapat beberapa istilah yang serupa, misal:
 Cradle to Grave (analisis meliputi keseluruhan proses
penyiapan bahan, proses produksi dll hingga
Keuntungan Pollution Prevention
 Aspek Kesehatan dan Lingkungan: udara dan air yang lebih
bersih, sedikitnya emisi GHG, sedikitnya limbah toksik yang
harus ditangani dan sampah yang diangkut ke TPA,
keamanan lingkungan kerja, dan bijaknya penggunaan
sumberdaya alam.
 Aspek Ekonomi: efisiensi bisnis, meningkatkan persaingan
usaha, kecilnya resiko, mengurangi biaya untuk monitoring
dan penanganan limbah.

If you don’t create pollution, you don’t have to spend money

regulating it, handling it, storing it, treating it, or disposing of
it.
 World population and
resource consumption
 Since 1900 the
world
population has
grown by a
factor 4.
 Resource
consumption
has grown by a
factor 10 and
it is expected
to double by
2030. 25
 Linear
Economy

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 Circular Economy

 A circular economy refers to an industrial model regenerative

by intention, in which products are designed to facilitate reuse,
disassembling, restoration and recycling to allow that a large
amount of materials are re-used instead of being produced by
primary extraction (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013).
 A circular economy refers to a model in which we keep
resources in use as long as possible to extract the maximum
value from them whilst in use, and then to recover and
regenerate products and materials at the end of their service
life (Edie, 2013)

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 Circular economy
 The concept of a circular economy – currently widely promoted in Asia – has its
conceptual roots in industrial ecology, which envisions a form of material
symbiosis between otherwise very different companies and production
processes. Industrial ecology emphasizes the benefits of recycling residual
waste materials and by-products through, for example, the development of
complex interlinkages, such as those in the renowned industrial symbiosis
projects (see Jacobsen 2006).However, in more general terms, it promotes
resource minimization and the adoption of cleaner technologies(Andersen1997,
1999)
 an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we
keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from
them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the
end of each service life
 a regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy
leakage are minimized by slowing, closing, and narrowing material and energy
loops. This can be achieved through long-lasting design, maintenance, repair,
reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recycling
Circular Economy

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 Circular Economy
The circular economy
allows to cut:
 resource extraction
and production;
 raw material
import;
 waste disposal.

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Ide yang sama di Jepang menggunakan istilah
“Material Cycle Society”

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The Flow of the Circulative Resources in Japan (MoE, 2007)
Klasifikasi Limbah di Jepang

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SWM towards Material Cycle Society di Jepang

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In order to reach the goal, there can
be only 3 products:

 recycling goods to replace primary materials, residues well suited

for landfilling with little after care, and residual emissions that are
small enough not to harm the environment.
 This requires high-tech, environmentally sound, and affordable
waste treatment processes. Recycling must yield ‘‘clean’’ cycles,
separating harmful impurities from valuable materials. Logistic
systems must keep entropy low, increasing substance
concentration and thus minimizing the need for energy input into
waste management. If clean cycles are established, recycling
residues will be produced that need to be disposed of carefully,
hence ‘‘sinks’’ are required.
 How to reach the Goal?

 To reach the goals of waste management requires

technology, know-how, administrative capacity,
public acceptance, and first of all sufficient financial
resources.
 Today, SWM Goals

 hygienisation,
 volume reduction,
 environmental protection,
 mineralization and immobilization of hazardous
substances,
 resource conservation,
 affordable costs and public acceptance
WHAT ABOUT SWM IN INDONESIA??
Typical SWM Problems in Indonesia
 Inadequate service coverage and operational
inefficiencies of services , Limited capacity of waste
collection and transportation.
 Environmental pollution due to “ open dumping
“practices
 Limited budget, mostly due to priority of budgeting
 Weak policy and regulatory framework
 Lack of public awareness and participation
 Lack of institutional capacity
Current waste management system in Indonesia
Principles of SWM (UU 8/2008)
 Responsibility (tanggungjawab)
 Sustainability (keberlanjutan)- less harm to the
environment
 Benefit (manfaat)- waste as resource
 Fairness (keadilan)
 Conciuosness (kesadaran)-awarness of oneself
 Inclusivity (kebersamaan)
 Safety (keamanan)
 Economic value
 5 ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 Legal/law aspect
 Institutional aspect
 Financial aspect
 Technical/ operational aspect
 Public Participation aspect
 References
 Brunner, P.H., Rechberger, H., 2015. Waste to energy- key element for
sustainable waste system, Waste Management 37, 3-12
 Davis, M.L., Cornwell, D.A., Introduction to Environmental Engineering,
MCGraw Hill, 2013
 Enri Damanhuri, Diktat Kuliah 2010, Bagian 1 (Chapter1)
 Jambeck, Geyer,Wilcox,Siegler, Perryman, Andrady, Narayan,Law, 2015
 Mani, T., Hauk, A., Walter, U., Holm, P.B., 2015. Microplastics profile along the
Rhine River, Scientific Report
 Oliveira, A.L., Turra, A., 2015. Solid waste Management in Coastal Cities:
where are the gaps?Case study of the North Coast Sao Paulo, Brazil, Journal
ofIntegrated Coastal Zone Mangement 15(4) 453-465
 Tchobanoglous G., Theisen, H., Vigil, S.A., Integrated Solid Waste
Management: Engineering Principles and management Issues, McGraw
Hill,1993
 UU 18/2008 : Waste Management
 Worrel, W.A., Vesilind, P.A., Solid Waste Engineering, Cengate Learning, 2012