NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , SRINAGAR

Transmission lines

Presented By- BHAWNA CHOUDHARY

(2020BCIV149)
INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction to Transmission Lines

2 Transmission Line Parameters

3 Transmission Line Equations

 Transmission Lines
A transmission line is a medium or structure which is used to carry an information or data signal from one place to another.

An information signal can be propagated in the following three forms:

• Electrical

• Optical (Light)

• Electromagnetic (EM) Wave

Hence there are three main types of transmission lines:

• Wires

• Optical Fibers

• Waveguides

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Transmission Line Parameters-
► The quantities which are used to study or show the behavior of a transmission line are called Primary Line Constants.
These are normally called Transmission Line Parameters.

There are four Primary Line Constants.

► Resistance (R)

Inductance (L)

Capacitance (C)

Conductance (G)

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Transmission Line Parameters-
• Transmission lines are modeled by means of the parameters resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance.
• Resistance and inductance together is called transmission line impedance.
• Capacitance and conductance in parallel is called admittance.

Resistance- it is also called Loop Resistance per Unit Length. It is equal to the sum of the resistances of both the
conductors of a line. Its unit is Omega / m
Inductance: It is also called Loop Inductance per Unit Length. It is equal to the sum of the inductances of both the
conductors of a line. Its unit is H / m
Capacitance: It is denoted by C. it is equal to the shunt capacitance per unit length b/w two conductors. Its unit is farad/m.
Conductance- it is denoted by G. It is equal to the shunt conductance per unit length b/w two conductors. It is reciprocal of
resistance and is measured in Siemens/ m or mho / m

Note: R, L, G and C are also called Primary Line Constants of Transmission Line. These values, normally. vary with
frequency but in transmission line theory they are assumed constant.

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Transmission Line Equations-
► The quantities which are used to study or show the effects on a signal which propagates through a transmission line are
known as Secondary Line Constants, and the equations which are used for these secondary line constants are called
Transmission Line Equations.

► There are the following basic three secondary line constants:

• Attenuation Coefficient
• Phase Shift Coefficient
• Propagation Coefficient

►There are other secondary line constants too (Phase velocity, Velocity Factor and Wavelength) but they are out of the
scope of this chapter.

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Attenuation Coefficient-
► When a signal is applied on a transmission line the strength of the signal is reduced as the signal travels on the line.

►The secondary line constant which represents the reduction or attenuation in the voltage or current (or strength) of a
signal along the transmission line is called Attenuation coefficient.

It is denoted by a (Alpha)

► Its unit is Neper/km and it is also, sometimes, measured in dB (Decibels).

Formula: alpha = R/(2Zo) Neper/km

Where, R Resistance and

Zo is Characteristics Impedance of transmission line

1Np = 8.686dB

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