TRANSMISSION AND

CHASSIS ELECTRONICS
ANDREI NOVENO
SEAN MICHAEL MATA
RONEL DELA CRUZ
JEREMIEH DELOS SANTOS
LEMUEL DELA VEGA
TRANSMISSION ELECTRONICS
Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor: Monitors
the temperature of transmission fluid to ensure it's
not too hot or cold, which can affect transmission
performance. Typically operates on 5 to 12 volts.

Common Problem: Things that you may encounter

with a P0711 code include an illuminated check
engine or warning light, smells or smoke coming
from an overheating transmission fluid, smoke
originating from the transmission, gear slippage,
stuck gear, or activation of “limp mode.”
Common causes for this code include a faulty transmission fluid
temperature sensor, transmission problems, wiring problems, or a
faulty PCM. Diagnostic and repair procedures involve visually
inspecting the sensor and wiring, testing the sensor, and checking
the circuit.

Troubleshooting: Check for loose or damaged wiring connections,

use a multimeter to test for proper voltage output, and replace the
sensor if necessary.
 Transmission Fluid Temperature Sensor:
•To test a temperature sensor with a multimeter, set
it to measure resistance, clip one probe to an outer
sensor connector and the other across from it.
Submerge in hot then ice water, note readings after
a few seconds - around 250 and 1000 ohms
respectively.
Transmission Range Sensor (TRS): record the
transmission speed. This information is required by
the control unit to regulate the shifting pressure
when shifting gears and to decide which gear needs
to be engaged at which point. There are two types of
transmission range sensor design: Hall generators
and inductive sensors.

Causes of failure can be:

Internal short circuits
Breaks in wiring
Short circuits in wiring
Mechanical damage to the encoder wheel
Contamination caused by metal abrasion
A malfunctioning transmission range sensor can cause a variety of
problems, including difficulty shifting gears, transmission slipping, and
even stalling. That's why it's important to have your transmission range
sensor checked and replaced if necessary. Over time, the transmission
range switch can fail.

If your car's TRS is on the fritz, either you won't be able to start your
car or the “service engine soon” light on your dashboard will remain
lit. Other warning signs of a faulty transmission range switch include
your car starting in the wrong gear, the transmission struggling to
change gears or gears slippage.
 Transmission Range Sensor (TRS):

•Set the multimeter to measure resistance (ohms).

Measure the resistance of the inductive sensor using an ohmmeter

Reference value at 80°C: approx. 1,000 ohms.

•Test for continuity between the sensor terminals as the gear selector is
moved through each position (park, neutral, drive, etc.).

•Ensure that continuity is present at each position as per the manufacturer's

specifications.

•If continuity is not present or is inconsistent, the sensor may be faulty and
needs replacement.
Transmission Speed Sensor: It is a small size
component but considered important for drivetrain
of vehicles. Its main function is monitoring the speed
of different components in the transmission and
sending this data to the ECU or transmission control
module (TCM).

It normally has a magnetic coil and reluctor ring. The

reluctor ring is configured on rotating components
existing in transmission like the output shaft. When
components rotate it pass through a magnetic coil to
produce a small electrical signal. The frequency of
the signal is based on the rotational speed of the
component. The ECU or TCM explains this signal to
measure the speed at which different gears of
transmission are rotating
When there's no speed signal coming from the sensors, shifting of gears
will be a problem because the powertrain control module won't control
them correctly. This will make the transmission not work properly. It will
either shift more quickly or roughly than expected.

Common symptoms of a faulty transmission speed sensor include jerky

gear changes, malfunctioning cruise control, and an illuminated check
engine light.
Set the multimeter to ohms or resistance setting. it will help us measure the
electrical resistance of the sensor
Setting the multimeter connect probes with terminals on the sensor. There
are 2 main terminals on the sensor.
The range of resistance values listed in the vehicle's service manual must be
fulfilled by a working speed sensor. For the accurate resistance value that
your sensor must display, consult the handbook.
If the resistance reading value does not lie in that specified range, It is a sign
of some issue with the sensor. So we must think about getting the services
of a mechanic for further details and potential replacement.
Transmission Pressure Sensor: detect the input, output or
intermediate speed of the transmission and transmit this information
to the transmission control unit (TCU). The TCU uses this signal to
regulate the shifting pressure and to decide on the gear to be
engaged. The transmission pressure sensor measures the hydraulic
oil pressure in different transmission applications and helps to
determine the shifting pressure precisely and reliably.

With faulty transmission fluid pressure switches, your transmission

will not shift correctly. The Check Engine light will illuminate, and you
may not be able to shift into higher gears.
common symptoms indicate you may need to replace the
Transmission Oil Pressure Sensor:
Check Engine light is on.
The transmission shifts are harsh.
The transmission won't shift up to higher gears.
The transmission is in limp mode.
To test a pressure sensor using a multimeter, follow these steps:

Connect the sensor: Connect the pressure sensor to the multimeter.

Application Voltage: Use the appropriate voltage to power the sensor. This is
called the “excitation voltage”.
Measure Output: For sensors with a current output (such as 4-20mA), measure
the current. For voltage output sensors, the voltage level is measured.
Compare to Specifications: Check readings against manufacturer’s
specifications. Deviations indicate a malfunction.
Interpret the results: Consistent readings within the specified range indicate
that the sensor is functioning properly, while differences indicate a potential
problem.
Transmission Fluid Level Sensor: The Oil Level Sensor
Assembly communicates with the transmission control
module to send information regarding the shift selector's
oil level by measuring the resistance against the sensor.
The Oil Level Sensor Assembly is pivotal to shift selection
as well as maintaining proper fluid levels.

SIGNS OF NEEDING REPLACEMENT

DTC codes
Not able to read oil level through shift selector

CAUSES OF FAILURE
Fluid contamination
Improper troubleshooting
 Transmission Fluid Level Sensor:

•Set the multimeter to measure resistance (ohms).

•Disconnect the sensor.

•Submerge the sensor in transmission fluid of varying levels (low, medium, high).

•Measure the resistance between the sensor terminals at each fluid level.

•Compare the resistance readings to the manufacturer's specifications.

•If the resistance readings are significantly different from the specified range or do not
change with fluid level, the sensor may be faulty and needs replacement.
CHASSIS ELECTRONICS
Wheel Speed Sensor: (also known as wheel sensors)
must detect the speed of the wheels and supply this
information to the ABS or ESP control unit in the form of
an electrical signal. The latest wheel sensors are also able
to detect the direction of rotation of the wheels. The ABS
control unit uses this data to detect individual wheels
locking during emergency braking and take
countervailing measures to stabilise the vehicle.

A faulty wheel speed sensor can show symptoms like an

illuminated anti-lock brakes (ABS) warning light, unresponsive
ABS, failed traction and stability control, a pulsating brake
pedal, and a broken speedometer.
 Testing Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS)

Start by disconnecting and removing the VSS from your engine so

you can test it. You can then connect it to a multimeter and set the
multimeter to the AC setting. Connect the VSS to a power drill so
you can simulate the rotation of the vehicle’s transmission and read
the multimeter to see if the voltage increases as the speed
increases to check if the sensor is working properly.
ABS Sensor: ABS stands for anti-lock braking system.
This system is designed to keep your car from skidding
or sliding when you brake suddenly. In order to do
this, the ABS sensor monitors the speed of your
wheels and sends signals to the ABS controller.

Without a functional ABS sensor, your ABS control module

won't receive any data about your vehicle's wheel speed.
This will force your entire anti-lock braking system to shut
down, leaving your wheels at risk of locking. To restore your
ABS, you'll have to replace your broken wheel speed sensor
with a new one.

The most common ABS problems occur when sensors

become contaminated with debris or metal shavings.
Malfunctions also occur when sensor wiring becomes
damaged, resulting in intermittent or no continuity.
On a passive ABS sensor, measuring resistance across the signal and
ground leads generally produces a reading of 800-2000 ohms. A
steady reading within this range indicates a good sensor.

With an ABS sensor disconnected, you can probe the terminals with a
multimeter, eliminating the need to remove the sensor from the
vehicle. Both passive (2-wire) and active (2 or 3-wire) ABS sensors
can be tested for basic functionality with a multimeter. Research
which type of sensor your vehicle has before proceeding.
The traction control system (TCS) detects if a loss of
traction occurs among the car's wheels. Upon identifying
a wheel that is losing its grip on the road, the system
automatically applies the brakes to that individual one or
cut down the car's engine power to the slipping wheel.

Traction control and ABS most commonly develop

problems with the wheel speed sensors. These sensors
are moderately exposed to the elements, leaving them
slightly vulnerable. The magnetic operation on the
traction control sensors or Anti-lock Braking sensors can
be interrupted by dirt or other buildups.
the TCS fails because of faulty wheel speed sensors. These
sensors detect when one wheel is spinning faster than others.
If they fail, your car's traction control won't know when to
reduce power and apply brakes. Found on each wheel, TCS
sensors are often exposed to the elements.

Locate the sensor on the wheel hub, disconnect it, and

remove it. Gently wipe away dirt using a clean cloth and mild
cleaner. Don't damage the sensor while cleaning. Once clean,
reinstall and reconnect it
 Traction Control Sensor:

•Set the multimeter to measure resistance (ohms).

•Disconnect the sensor and measure the resistance between its terminals.

•Compare the resistance reading to the manufacturer's specifications.

•If the resistance is significantly different from the specified range, the
sensor may be faulty and needs replacement.
Stability Control Sensor: Electronic stability control systems use
automatic computer-controlled braking of individual wheels to
assist the driver with maintaining control of the car in critical
driving situations. ESC helps prevent a vehicle from “spinning out”
or “plowing out” due to the loss of road traction caused by
slipping wheels.

Electronic stability control systems generally work effectively.

However, the following issues can arise:
Problems with your anti-lock braking system (ABS), such as worn
brake linings and air or dirt in the brake fluid, can affect ESC
operation.
Tires with poor tread and those that aren’t in good condition can
reduce ESC’s effectiveness. Read our tire guide to know more
about them.
A defective brake light switch can trigger the ESC light. This
common problem is easily fixed with an inexpensive replacement
switch.
 Stability Control Sensor:

•Set the multimeter to measure resistance (ohms).

•Disconnect the sensor and measure the resistance between its terminals.

•Compare the resistance reading to the manufacturer's specifications.

•If the resistance is significantly different from the specified range, the sensor
may be faulty and needs replacement.
Steering Angle Sensor: Measures the angle of the
steering wheel to assist with electronic stability control
and power steering. Typically needs 5 to 12 volts.

Common Problem: Sensor malfunction causing stability

control or power steering issues.

Cause of Problem: Sensor misalignment, calibration

errors, or wire damage.

Troubleshooting: Recalibrate the sensor according to

manufacturer instructions. If problems persist, check for
wire damage or sensor alignment issues.
 Steering Angle Sensor:

•Set the multimeter to measure voltage (volts).

•Turn on the ignition (but do not start the engine).

•Connect the multimeter's positive lead to the sensor's signal wire and the negative lead
to the ground.

•Rotate the steering wheel through its full range of motion.

•Observe the voltage reading on the multimeter. It should change smoothly and
consistently as you turn the wheel.

•If the voltage reading does not change or is erratic, the sensor may be faulty and needs
replacement.