Look at the following signs.

What do they mean?

What does it mean?
What does it mean?
Graphically
accurate
 “In case of
emergency, die!”
 MUSTN’
MUST HAVE TO T
It implies that the obligation It is often used to It is used to indicate that
comes from internal express external something is forbidden
motivations. requirements or
obligations.
AUXILIARY (or helping) VERBS combine with other verbs
to “help” them complete their gramatical functions.
 BE
Primary auxiliary verbs
HAVE

Modal verbs DO
BE :
● Progressive tense forms.
● Passive voice

The three of them can be used in

HAVE:
tag questions
● Perfect tenses
● Causative passive voice

DO:
● Simple present tense
● Past simple tense
● Expressing emphasis
Modal verbs are auxiliaries used with other verbs to express ideas such
as permission, possibility or advice, obligation, etc. Examples:
● Can - could
● May - might
● Should – ought to
● Must – have to – don´t have to
● Had better – Would rather
● Will - would
General characteristics
 The negative is formed by the addition of
“not” after the modal.
 In yes/no questions we begin with the
modal, followed by the subject and base
form of the the verb.
 In information questions, the question Word
precedes the modal.
 Modal verbs are used in short answers and
tag questions.
General characteristics
 Only the bare infinitive can be used after modals.

 Modals have no gerund form.

 Modals have no inflectional suffix –s/-es for the third person singular in
the present simple tense.

 Each modal has a basic meaning of its own, while

auxiliaries be, have and do, as auxiliary verbs, have only a grammatical
function.