Reference Book

Chapter 1

Floyd, Digital © 2008 Pearson

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ
 Summary
Analog Quantities
An analog quantity is one having continuous values.

Floyd, Digital © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

 Digital Quantities

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more efficiently but
can only assign discrete values to each point.
An analog Electronic System
 Analog and Digital Systems
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

-Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk.

-A laser diode optical system picks up the digital data from the rotating
disk and transfers it to the digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
-The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal that is an electrical
reproduction of the original music.
-This signal is amplified and sent to the speaker for you to enjoy.
-When the music was originally recorded on the CD, a process, essentially
the reverse o/ the one described here, using an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) was used.
Floyd, Digital © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are
represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and
LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system.

The two digits in the binary system, 1 and 0 are called a bit
(for binary digit).
A bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if
the voltage is HIGH or LOW.
Positive Logic HIGH= 1 and LOW= 0
Negative Logic HIGH = 0 and LOW =1

Floyd, Digital © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

 Binary Digits and Logic Levels
For example
-The HIGH values may range from 2V to 5V.
-The LOW values may range from 0 V to 0.8 V.
-If a voltage of 3.5 V is applied , the circuit will accept it as a
HIGH or binary 1.
VH(max)
-If a voltage of 0.5 V is applied, the circuit HIGH

will accept it as a LOW or binary 0. VH(min)

Invalid
-For this type of circuit , voltages between VL(max)

LOW
0.8V and 2V are unacceptable and are
VL(min)
never used.

Floyd, Digital © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

 Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.

HIGH HIGH

Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or

leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Ideal Pulses

Floyd, Digital © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

 Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise
time, fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Floyd, Digital © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

 Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats
in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it
repeats and is measured in hertz. 1 1
f  T 
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a periodic

wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Floyd, Digital © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ