* PETROPHYSICS

WEEK 01

DEPOK 06 SEPTEMBER 2019

WEEK 01 : Introduction
 WEEK 01 : Introduction

I. Introduction Petrophysics is the study of reservoir rock properties and rock

interactions with reservoir fluids (Djebbar,1996) and how they are measured.
Reservoir rock itself is the rock that capable to produce oil & gas with sufficient
pore volume.

Then why do we study petrophysics? Let’s ponder upon a business keyword:

location – location – location. Location is the profit key point of your business, it
should be near to to the clients, customers or the source of income. For students
of Petroleum Engineering, Geology or Geophysics, the object is the reservoir
rock, and physics is related with measurement. Therefore, petrophysics is a
study:
1. To identify and quantify hydrocarbon resources in the reservoir  where &
how much?
2. Evaluate fluid and rock properties  what & why?
3. To help in building static/dynamic reservoir description and fluid distribution
 how?
WEEK 01 : Introduction

In identifying the rock properties, the knowledge of rock constituents, type

of rocks, and how they are constructed is crucial. While quantifying the
amount of hydrocarbon (HC) in the reservoir needs the knowledge of where
and how HC is stored.

These properties are:

Rock:
• Porosity
• Permeability
• Compressibility

Interactive Rock-Fluid Properties

• Wettability
• Resistivity
• Capillary pressure
• Relative permeability

Those properties are measured by:

(i) direct measurement from Core Samples,
(ii) non-direct measurement from Well Logs
WEEK 01 : Introduction
 WEEK 01 : Introduction
Well Logging
The French translation of the term well logging is carottage ´electrique,∗
literally “electrical coring,” a fairly exact description of this geophysical prospecting
technique when it was invented in 1927 [1, 2]. A less literal translation might be
“a record of characteristics of rock formations traversed by a measurement device in
the well bore.”

well logging means different things to

different people
a geologist, it is primarily a mapping technique for exploring the
subsurface.

a geophysicist, it is a source of complementary data for surface

seismic analysis

a reservoir engineer, it may simply supply values for use in a

simulator.
WEEK 01 : Introduction

The
•Geophysicist:
Are the tops where you predicted?
• Are the potential zones porous as you have assumed from seismic
data?
• What does a synthetic seismic section show?

The Geologist:
• What depths are the formation tops?
• Is the environment suitable for accumulation of hydrocarbons?
• Is there evidence of hydrocarbons in this well?
• What type of hydrocarbons?
• Are hydrocarbons present in commercial quantities?
• How good a well is it?
• What are the reserves?
• Could the formation be commercial in an offset well?
WEEK 01 : Introduction

The Drilling Engineer:

• What is the hole volume for cementing?
• Are there any keyseats or severe doglegs in the well?
• Where can you get a good packer seat for testing?
• Where is the best place to set a whipstock?

The Reservoir Engineer:

• How thick is the pay zone?
• How homogeneous is the section?
• What is the volume of hydrocarbons per cubic
meter?
• Will the well pay-out?
• How long will it take?
WEEK 01 : Introduction

What do we need to find out

Rock type • Engineering

– Sandstone? Shale? imestone? – Well trajectory
(coord)
Rock Properties – Shape of hole
– Porosity – Casing Joints
– Permeability – Quality of cement
– Bedding Orientation – etc
– Fractures?
– Temperature

Fluids
– Type (water, oil, gas)
– Saturation
– Salinity
– Pressure
WEEK 01 : Introduction

What for? (Log

applications)
• Stratigraphic correlation
• Formation Tops
• Quantitative Oil, Gas , Water
saturations
• Porosity
• Correlation with seismic data
• Sedimentological studies
• Reservoir modeling
• Structural studies
WEEK 01 : Introduction

What can we measure?

• Electrical Properties
• Natural radioactivity
• Induced radioactivity
• Acoustic Properties (velocity)
• Shape of hole
• Noise
• Temperature
• Depth
• Orientation of hole
•…
WEEK 01 : Introduction

Type of Well Logging

WEEK 01 : Introduction

Log
Types
• Other
• Lithologic Logs
– Dipmeter
– Spontaneous Potential (SP)
– Caliper
– Gamma Ray (GR)
– Temperature
• Porosity Logs
– Acoustic
– Neutron
– FMI
– Density
– Many more
– Sonic
• Resistivity Logs (Fluid …
Type)
– Resistivity
– Induction