Charts

(General Physiology, Blood & Muscle)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
SREE BALAJI MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL
CHARTS
1.Identify the chart. (1 mark)
2. Name the proteins involved in it. (2 marks)
3.write any two significance of the above chart. (2 marks)
 Apoptosis

1.Identify the chart. (1 mark)

Apoptosis

2. Name the proteins involved in it. (2 marks)

Caspase, Amyloid B-peptide and Bcl-2

3.write any two significance of the above chart. (2 marks)

- Eliminates unwanted cells during embryonic development
- Get rid of damaged unwanted cells in adults
- Maintain constant balance between cell division and cell death
1. Identify the chart. (1 mark)

2. What is A, B, C in the chart? (2 marks)

3. Give an example of B. (2 marks)

 Transport across the cell membrane

1.Identify the chart. (1 mark)

Secondary active transport
2. What is A, B, C in the chart? (2 marks)
A-uniport
B- symport
C-Antiport
3.Give an example of B. (2 marks)
Sodium-glucose cotransport that occurs in renal tubules and small intestine
during absorption of glucose.
1. Name the diagram. (1mark)
2. Define its significance. (1 mark)
3. List the functions of this. (1 mark)
4. Explain the mechanism of its action. (2 mark)
 Sodium Potassium Pump
1. Name the diagram. (1mark)
- Sodium potassium ATPase.
2. Define its significance. (1 mark)
- This electrogenic pump creates the electrical potential across the membrane which is the basic requirement in nerve and
muscle fiber for transmitting electrical signal.
3. List the functions of this. (1 mark)
- To maintain the
a. Cytosolic ion concentration .
b. Cell volume
c. High intracellular concentration of K+ which is essential for protein synthesis.
d. Resting membrane potential.
e. Mediates hormonal actions like thyroxine, aldosterone and insulin.
4. Explain the mechanism of its action. (2 mark)
- Binding of three sodium and one ATP to the respective sites on alpha subunits activates ATPases that converts ATP to
ADP. This causes phosphorylation of alpha subunit that changes its configuration and transfers three sodium to ECF.
Potassium binds to potassium binding sites on the extracellular surface that causes dephosphorylation of alpha subunit and
transfers two potassium from ECF into the cell. Thus three sodium are pumped out for entry of two potassium into the
cell, and one ATP is hydrolyzed.
1. Identify the chart. (2 marks)
2. Does the above mechanism need energy? (1 mark)
3. Mention the types seen in the chart. (2 marks)
 Vesicular transport

1. Identify the chart. (2 marks)

Vesicular transport

2. Does the above mechanism need energy? (1 mark)

Yes, it needs ATP for the vesicle movement.

3. Mention the types seen in the chart. (2 marks)

Endocytosis and Exocytosis
1. Identify the chart. (1 mark)
2. Write any two types of intracellular transport mechanism of proteins.
(2 marks)
3.What is transduction? (2 marks)
 Intercellular communication

1. Identify the chart. (1 mark)

Intracellular communication
2. Write any two types of intracellular transport mechanism of
proteins. (2 marks)
Transmembrane transport
Vesicular transport
3. What is transduction? (2 marks)
It is the process of conversion of external stimulus into
electrical action potential.
1. Identify the type of communication. (1 mark)
2. Identify A, B, C in the chart. (2 marks)
3. What is the function of a gap junction? (2 marks)
 Intercellular junctions

1. Identify the type of communication. (1 mark)

Intercellular communication
2. Identify A, B, C in the chart. (2 marks)
A - Tight junction
B - Adherens junction
C - Gap junction
3. What is the function of a gap junction? (2 marks)
It allows the movement of different molecules, ions, and
electrical impulses between adjacent cells.
1. Identify the chart. (1 mark)
2. Name the filaments that constitute the above structure. (1 mark)
3. What are the regulatory proteins? (1 mark)
4. What is the role of regulatory protein? (1 mark)
5.what are cross-bridges? (1 mark)
 Sarcomere
1. Identify the chart. (1 mark)
Sarcomere
2. Name the filaments that constitute the above structure. (1 mark)
Actin- Thin filament
Myosin- Thick filament
3. What are the regulatory proteins? (1 mark)
Troponin and Tropomyosin
4. What is the role of regulatory protein? (1 mark)
It blocks the molecular binding site in actin,there by prevents myosin binding with the active sites
of actin.
5.what are cross-bridges? (1 mark)
Lateral processes that arise from each myosin filament, which has enlarged structure called
myosin heads.
1. Identify the chart (1 mark)
2. Mention the functions of sarcotubular system. (2 marks)
3. What is rigor mortis? (2 marks)
 Sarcotubular system

1. Identify the chart (1 mark)

Sarcotubular system

2. Mention the functions of sarcotubular system. (2 marks)

T-tubules - transmission of action potential from sarcolemma to
myofibrils
L-tubules- storage of calcium ions.

3. What is rigor mortis? (2 marks)

It refers to the condition of the body after death, which is
characterized by stiffness of muscles and joints.
1. Name this diagram and label its parts. (1 mark)
2. Blockade of neuromuscular transmission. (1 mark)
3. Give an example for neuromuscular dysfunction. (1 mark)
4. Explain the sequence of events in neuromuscular transmission. (2 marks)
 Neuromuscular Junction
1. Name this diagram and label its parts. (1 mark) - Neuromuscular Junction
2. Blockade of neuromuscular transmission. (1 mark)
i) Presynaptic Blockade – Boyulinum toxins, hemicholinium
ii)Postsynaptic Blockade – a) Competitive Blockers – Curare, Gallamine
b) Depolarizing Blockers – Reversible AChE Inhibitors, Irreversible AChE Inhibitors
3. Give an example for neuromuscular dysfunction. (1 mark) - Myasthenia Gravis
4. Explain the sequence of events in neuromuscular transmission. (2 marks)
Arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal

Depolarization of the membrane of the terminal buttons

Activation and opening of the voltage-gated calcium channels

Calcium influx into terminal button

Calcium mediated exocytosis of acetylcholine vesicle and Ach release

Binding of Ach to Ach receptors in the end-plate membrane

Na+ influx resulting in local depolarization and formation of endplate potential (EPP)

Spread of action potential to the T-tubule

1. Identify the given WBC (1 Mark)
2. What type of granules do they have? (1 Mark)
3. Give two important functions of the cell (1 Mark)
4. Name 2 conditions in which the count of this cell increase and decrease? (2
Marks)
 Neutrophil

1. Identify the given WBC (1 Mark)

Neutrophil

2. What type of granules do they have? (1 Mark)

Fine granules

3. Give two important functions of the cell (1 Mark)

Phagocytosis, first line of defense

4. Name 2 conditions in which the count of this cell increase and

decrease? (2 Marks)
Neutrophilia (pyogenic infections – tonsilitis, pneumonia)
Neutropenia (aplastic anemia, parasitic infections)
1. Identify the above given WBC (1 Mark)
2. Describe the type of the granules present (1 Mark)
3. Two important functions of the above WBC (1 Mark)
4. In what conditions does the count of this WBC decrease? (2 Marks)
 Eosinophil

1. Identify the above given WBC (1 Mark)

Eosinophil

2. Describe the type of the granules present (1 Mark)

Brick red Coarse granules

3. Two important functions of the above WBC (1 Mark)

Parasiticidal activity, defending the body from allergic reactions.

4. In what conditions does the count of this WBC decrease? (2

Marks)
Cushing disease, aplastic anaemia
1. Identify the WBC (1 Mark)
2. In what type of infection does the count of this WBC increase? (2 Mark)
3. Name any two functions of this WBC. (2 Marks)
 Basophil

1. Identify the WBC (1 Mark)

Basophil

2. In what type of infection does the count of this WBC increase?

(2 Mark)
Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Polycythaemia

3. Name any two functions of this WBC. (2 Marks)

Granules secrete heparin, histamine
Fight against allergens, pathogens, and parasites
 1

1. Identify Monocyte in the above image. (1 Mark)

2. What is Monocytosis? Name anyone condition when monocytosis occur? (2
Marks)
3. What is the important function carried out by monocytes? (2 Marks)
 Monocyte

1. Identify Monocyte in the above image. (1 Mark)

Number 2 is the Monocyte.

2. What is Monocytosis? Name anyone condition when monocytosis

occur? (2 Marks)
Increase in the count of monocytes. Malaria, Kala azar, Hodgin’s disease

3. What is the important function carried out by monocytes? (2 Marks)

Monocytes migrate to tissue and form macrophages and help in body’s
defence. They act as antigen-presenting cells.
1. Identify the given WBC. (1 Mark)
2. Name two important functions of this WBC. (2 Marks)
3. Name any two condition when the count of WBC increases?
(2 Marks)
 Lymphocyte
1. Identify the given WBC. (1 Mark)
Lymphocyte

2. Name two important functions of this WBC. (2 Marks)

T-lymphocytes cellular immunity B- lymphocytes humoral
immunity producing antibodies.

3. Name any two condition when the count of this WBC

increases? (2 Marks)
Lymphocytosis.
Physiological conditions: newborn & infants, physical exercise, after food
intake, pregnancy and parturition.
Pathological conditions: acute and chronic bacterial infection
1. What is the difference between a monocyte and a
macrophage? (1 Marks)
2. Name the macrophages present in (3 Marks)
3. What is the function of macrophages? (1 Mark)
 Monocyte Macrophage system

1. What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage? (1

Marks)
Monocyte circulates through blood.
Once they penetrate to tissue, they are called monocyte
2. Name the macrophages present in different parts of the body.(3 Marks)
a) Tissue- monocyte b) liver kupffer’s cell c) CNS microglia d) Bones
osteoclast
3. What is the function of macrophages? (1 Mark)
They phagocytose bacteria and secrete both pro-inflammatory and
antimicrobial mediators.
1. Explain the parts of a blood smear? (1 Mark)
2. What is the angle between the glass slide and the spreader? (1 Mark)
3. What can be studied using a blood smear? (1 Mark)
4. Any 3 Criteria for an ideal blood smear? (2 Marks)
 Smear preparation

1. Explain the parts of a blood smear? (1 Mark)

Head, body and tail

2. What is the angle between the glass slide and the spreader? (1 Mark)
30-45 degree

3. What can be studied using a blood smear? (1 Mark)

DLC, study of red cell morphology, presence of parasites

4. Any 2 Criteria for an ideal blood smear? (2 Marks)

• Smear should cover one-half of 3 quarters of the length of the slide.
• Wedge or tongue shaped smear
• There should not be any streaks or gap in the smear.
1. Identify the blood group from the above result (1 Mark)
2. State Landsteiner’s law (2 Marks)
3. What is the importance of knowing the blood group of a
person? (2 Marks)
 Blood group

1. Identify the blood group from the above result (1 Mark)

AB negative

2. State Landsteiner’s law (2 Marks)

•If an agglutinogen is present on the surface of RBC membrane, the
corresponding agglutinin must be present in the plasma.
•If the agglutinogen is absent in the RBC membrane, the corresponding
agglutinin must be present in the plasma.

3. What is the importance of knowing the blood group of a person? (2 Marks)

•Ensure Compatibility of blood transfusion
•Eliminate haemolytic disease of the new-born due to Rh incompatibility.
•Solve paternity issues.
1. What is the antibody which causes type I hypersensitivity reaction? (1
Marks)
2. Antibody which causes type II hypersensitivity reaction? (1 Mark)
3. Which immunoglobin can cross the placenta? (1 mark)
4. Define Anaphylaxis. (2 Marks)
 Immunoglobin

1. What is the antibody which causes type I hypersensitivity reaction? (1

Marks)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

2. Antibody which causes type II hypersensitivity reaction? (1 Mark)

IgG or IgM

3. Which immunoglobin can cross the placenta? (1 mark)

IgG

4. Define Anaphylaxis. (2 Marks)

Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole body allergic reaction to a chemical that has
become an allergen.
1. What is osmotic fragility? (1 Mark)
2. Name the types of osmosis. (1 Mark)
3. Conditions in which osmotic fragility increases and decreases (2 marks)
4. Give an example of isotonic solution. (1 Mark)
 Osmotic fragility

1. What is osmotic fragility? (1 Mark)

It is the measure of the rate of hemolysis of the red cells when exposed to hypotonic
solutions of sodium chloride.

2. Name the types of osmosis. (1 Mark)

Exosmosis
Endosmosis

3. Conditions in which osmotic fragility increases and decreases (2 marks)

Increased- hereditary spherocytosis, Congenital hemolytic anemia
Decreased- Thalassemia, Sickle cell anemia

4. Give an example of isotonic solution. (1 Mark)

0.9% sodium chloride
Calculate the MCV from the following data:
Hematocrit = 45 %
RBC count = 5 millions/mm3
 Calculate the MCV from the following data:
Hematocrit = 45 %
RBC count = 5 millions/mm3
MCV(Mean Corpuscular Volume) – the average volume of a red cell expressed in
femtolitre (1ft – 10 -15 l)
MCV = Hematocrit (percent) X 10
RBC count in millions/mm3
MCV = 45 X 10 = 90ft
5
Normal value: 78 -96 ft.
 MCV < 78ft – the red cells are microcytic – causes iron deficiency, globin deficiency
 MCV > 96ft – the red cells are macrocytic – causes megaloblastosis of the bone marrow
due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
Calculate the MCH from the following
data:
Hemoglobin = 14 g/dl
RBC count = 5 millions/mm3
 Calculate the MCH from the following data:
Hemoglobin = 14 g/dl
RBC count = 5 millions/mm3
MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin) – the average weight of hemoglobin content in a red
cell expressed in picograms(1 pg = 10-12 g)
MCH(pg) = Hb (g/dl) X 10
RBC count in millions/mm3
MCH = 14 X 10 = 28pg
5
Normal value: 27 – 33pg
MCH – as high as 50pg in macrocytic anemia
MCH – as low as 20pg in hypochromic microcytic anemia
Calculatethe MCHC from the following
data:
Hemoglobin = 15 g/dl
Packed Cell Volume = 45 %
 Calculatethe MCHC from the following data:
Hemoglobin = 15 g/dl
Packed Cell Volume = 45 %
MCHC (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) – the average hemoglobin
concentration per unit volume of packed red cells. It is expressed as g/dl or percent.
MCHC (%) = Hb (g/100ml) X 100
PCV/ 100ml
MCHC (%) = 15 X 100 = 33.3 %
45
Normal value: MCHC – 30 -37 g/dl (or %)
MCHC value of 37% is near the upper limit for Hb solubility (physiological upper
limit.
MCHC values as low as 20 -25% are not uncommon – hypochromic anemias, the Hb
concentration is reduced.
 Identify the colour index from the following data:
RBC% = 40%
Hb% = 47%
1. How to calculate colour index? (2 Marks)
2. What is the colour index from the above data? (2 Marks)
3. What does this indicate CI=0.80 (1 Mark)
 Colour index

1. How to calculate colour index? (2 Marks)

CI = Hb % / RBC %
2. What is the colour index from the above data? (2 Marks)
CI = 1.17
3. What does this indicate CI=0.80 (1 Mark)
Hypochromic anemia
150 mg of sucrose is injected to the person. The plasma sucrose level
after mixing is 0.01mg/ml, and 10mg has been excreted during
mixing. Calculate the sucrose space.
 Sucrose space

150 mg of sucrose is injected to the person. The plasma sucrose level after mixing is
0.01mg/ml, and 10mg has been excreted during mixing. Calculate the sucrose space.

Sucrose space = mass-amount lost in urine

Concentration of sucrosein plasma

= 150 - 10
0.01
= 14 L
 Calculate the ECF volume from the following data.
Amount of Thiocyanate injected = 550mg
Amount of Thiocyanate excreted in 1 hour = 30mg
Plasma Thiocyanate concentration at the end of 1hour=2.7mg/ml
Calculate the ECF volume from the following data.
Amount of Thiocyanate injected = 550mg
Amount of Thiocyanate excreted in 1 hour = 30mg
Plasma Thiocyanate concentration at the end of 1 hour = 2.7 mg/ml

Volume = mass-amount of substance excreted

Concentration of substance in the plasma

= 550 - 30
2.7

= 19 L
Calculate the intracellular volume from the following data:
Total body water = 42Litres
Extra cellular fluid volume = 14Litres
Calculate the intracellular volume from the following data:
Total body water = 42Litres
Extra cellular fluid volume = 14Litres
Intercellular volume = total body weight - ECF volume
= 42 - 14
= 28 L
ECF volume of the person is 14 Liters and the plasma volume is 3.5
Liters, calculate the Interstitial fluid volume
Calculate the Interstitial fluid volume from the following data:
ECF volume of the person is 14 Litres and the plasma volume is 3.5 Litres
Interstitial fluid volume = ECF volume - plasma volume
= 14 - 3.5
= 10.5 L
1. Name any six parts of the microscope (2 marks)
2. What are the microscopic adjustments for low power, high
power and oil immersion (3 marks)
 Microscope

1. Name any six parts of the microscope (2 marks)

1. Support system: base, pillar, handle, body tube, stage and nosepiece. 2.
illumination system: light source ( internal or external), condenser, iris diaphragm. 3.
magnification system: eye piece, objectives (lens)- low power objective (10x), high
power objective(40x), oil immersion objective(100x). 4. adjusting system: coarse
adjustment and fine adjustment.

2. What are the microscopic adjustments for low power, high power and oil
immersion (3 marks )
i. Low power – condenser- lowest position, iris diaphragm – fully
closed, objective- 10x, working distance – 5-15mm
ii. High power - condenser- partially raised position, iris diaphragm –
partially opened, objective- 40x, working distance – 0.5-4mm
iii. Oil immersion - condenser- fully raised position, iris diaphragm –
fully opened, objective- 100x, working distance – 0.15-1.5m
1. Name the parts of the Neubauer slide. (1 mark)
2. What are the measurements of Neubauer counting chamber? (1 mark)
3. How you get the depth and its measurement? (1 mark)
4. Which are the squares used to measure RBC and WBC? (2 marks)
 Neubauer Chamber

1. Name the parts of the Neubauer slide. (1 mark)

Thick glass slide divided into two central platforms by an H- shaped groove, central platform is slightly
lower than the side platform, central platforms are engraved ruled squares used for various cell counts.

2. What are the measurements of Neubauer counting chamber? (1 mark)

The ruled area is a square measuring 3mm X 3mm. This area is divided into nine large squares, each
large square – 1mm X 1mm. The corner large squares are divided into 16 medium size square, each medium
size square – 1/4mm x 1/4mm. The central large square is divided into 25 medium size square, each medium
square – 1/5mm x 1/5mm, each medium size square is again divided into 16 small size square, each small
size square 1/20mm x 1/20mm.

3. How you get the depth and its measurement? (1 mark)

Depth is the distance between the Neubauer counting chamber and the cover slip and the measurement
of depth is 1/10mm.

4. Which are the squares used to measure RBC and WBC? (2 marks)
WBC are counted in the four corner (4) large squares and the RBC are counted in the middle large
square -the four corner and center (5) medium size squares
1. Name the tube. (1 mark)
2. What is the measurement indicated in it? (1 mark)
3. What are the uses of the tube? (3 marks)
 Wintrobe tube

1. Name the tube. (1 mark)

Wintrobe tube

2. What is the measurement indicated in it? (1 mark)

The tube is graduated in mm in both directions from 0 to 10cm.
The marking 0-10 from above downwards is used for reading ESR.
The marking 0-10 from below upwards is used for reading
hematocrit.

3. What are the uses of the tube? (3 marks)

ESR and PCV.
1. Name the tube. (1 mark)
2. What are the measurements indicated in it? (1 mark)
3. What are the uses of the tube? (3 marks)
 Westergren’s Tube

1. Name the tube. (1 mark)

Westergren’s Tube. Both side opening present.

2. What are the measurements indicated in it? (1 mark)

Measurement – graduation from 0-200mm.

3. What are the uses of the tube? (3 marks)

To determine ESR value
1. Identify it. (1 mark)
2. List any two factors that affect the performance? (2 mark)
3. Write the calculation for work done? (2 marks)
 Mosso’s Ergograph

1. Identify it. (1 mark)

Mosso’s Ergography – is done to assess the performance of the
flexers of the fingers of the hand.

2. List any two factors that affect the performance? (2 mark)

Factors that affect performance are age, sex, height, physical build,
training, race and motivation.

3. Write the calculation for work done? (2 marks)

W=F x S, where W is the work done (in kg m), F is the load (in kg),
and S is the total distance (in meters’) through which the load is lifted.
1. A 50-year-old male, working in atomic research centre for the
past 20 years complaints of fatigue for 6 months. He revealed
recurrent respiratory and urinary tract infection. WBC = 3,000
cells/cu.mm , RBC = 2 million/cu.mm, Platelets = 75,000
cells/cu.mm
1. Identify his condition. (1 Mark)
2. What is the main cause for this condition? (2 marks)
3. Who are at the risk of developing this condition? (2 marks)
 1. Aplastic anemia

1. Identify his condition (1 Mark)

Aplastic anemia

2. What is the main cause for this condition? (2 Marks)

Repeated exposure to X-ray or Gamma rays

3. Who are at the risk of developing this condition? (2 Marks)

• Toxin exposure
• Radiations or chemotherapy treatment for cancer
• Autoimmune disorders or inherited conditions
2. A patient aged 59 years is admitted with marked fatigue, nausea with
occasional diarrhoea and a sore, swollen tongue. The following are the blood
examination results.

1. What is the probable diagnosis? (1 mark)

2. What is the main cause of this condition? (2marks)
3. What are the changes found in the structure of red blood cells during
this condition? (2 marks)
 2. Pernicious anaemia

1. What is the probable diagnosis? (1 Mark)

Pernicious anaemia / Megaloblastic anaemia

2. What is the main cause for this condition? (1 Mark)

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

3. What are the changes found in the structure of red blood cells
during this condition? (1 Marks)
Megaloblasts
4. Define Erythropoiesis. (2 marks)
Erythropoiesis is the process of the origin, development and
maturation of erythrocytes
3. 10-year-old boy was received in the emergency room with severe
pain and swelling in the right knee after a fall from the cot an hour
back. Mother reveals history of on and off subconjunctival
haemorrhage. The following are the lab value Platelet count-
1.5lakhs/cu.mm, bleeding time- 3 minutes, Clotting time- 25 minutes.

1. What is the probable diagnosis? (1 mark)

2. Discuss the cause for this condition. (2 marks)
3. What is the normal bleeding time? (1Mark)
4. What is the normal clotting time? (1 Mark)
 3. Hemophilia

1. What is the probable diagnosis? (1 Mark)

Hemophilia

2. Discuss the cause for this condition (2 Mark)

Absence of clotting factors – VIII or IX in the blood, most commonly
genetic inherited to male children.

3. What is the normal bleeding time? (1Mark)

Bleeding time- 1 to 5 minutes

4. What is the normal clotting time? (1 Mark)

Clotting time- 2 to 8 minutes
4. 38-year-old male came with fever, headache, retro-orbital pain, and
myalgia for 1 week. Patient reported high grade intermittent fever associated
with chills and rigors for past 3 days. He also complains of 2 episodes of gum
bleeding, multiple purpuras, petechiae on trunk area. Blood count revealed
the following.
Platelet – 40,000 cells/cu.mm, TLC- 8000 cells/cu.mm, Hb- 11mg/dL.

1. Identify the given condition? (1 marks)

2. What is the main cause for the fever? (1 mark)
3. What is normal platelet count, TLC and Hemoglobin level? (3 Marks)
 4. Dengue

1. Identify the given condition? (1 Mark)

Dengue

2. What is the main cause for the fever? (1 Mark)

It is caused by the bite of a virus infected mosquito.

3. What is normal platelet count, TLC and Hemoglobin level? (3

Marks)
Platelet count- 1,50,000 to 4,50,000 platelets /ml of blood
Total Leucocyte count - 4,000 to 11,000 cells / cubic mm of blood.
Hemoglobin - Male- 14 to 18g/dl
Female- 12 to 16 g/dl
5. A 40-year-old female presented with chief complaints of Dysphagia,
diplopia, slurred speech and weakness of upper limb that progresses
more with the activity since 2 months. Blood report reveals the
presence of MuSK and AchR antibodies, vital capacity normal,
physical examination reveals normal muscle power but muscle
weakness on repeated muscle contraction. Both EMG and Mosso's
ergograph finding shows quick muscle fatigue.

1. Identify the clinical condition? (1 mark)

2. What is the cause for this clinical condition? (1 marks)
3. Write any three symptoms for this condition. (3 marks)
 5. Myaesthenia gravis

1.Identify the clinical condition. (1 mark)

Myaesthenia gravis

2. What is the cause for this condition? (1 marks)

Development of auto antibodies against acetyl-choline receptors.

3. Write any 3 symptoms for this condition. (3 marks)

Weak muscular contraction, difficulty in swallowing and speech,
quick fatigability of muscles.
6. Three days old, home delivered baby was brought to the clinic with jaundice and
continuous crying with irritability. Mother revealed the history of repeated
abortion.
Serum bilirubin = 18mg%
Baby’s blood group = A positive
Mother’s blood group = A negative

1. What is the diagnosis? (2 marks)

2. What could have been done to prevent it? (1 mark)
3. Does this condition occur in the first pregnancy of the mother? (1 mark)
4. What are the symptoms of the fetus? (1 mark)
 6. Erythroblastosis fetalis

1. What is the diagnosis? (1 Mark)

Erythroblastosis fetalis

2. What could have been done to prevent it? (2 Mark)

After every delivery or abortion, mother should be injected with
anti-Rh antibodies in the form of Rh immunoglobulin within 72 hours.

3. Does this condition affects the first child? (1 mark)

No, it does not affect the first child.

4. What are the symptoms of the fetus? (1 Marks)

Anemia, jaundice, kernicterus, presence of erythroblasts