The Effectiveness of Audiovisual

Aids in Academic Achievement of

Students in Villapagasa National
Highschool
 What is Correlation?
•Correlation is a statistical tool that helps
to measure and analyze the degree of
relationship between two variables.
•Correlation analysis deals with the
association between two or more
variables.
•These data are called univariate data
because they involve a single variable
only.
•The data that involve two variables are
called bivariate data.
•The analysis of bivariate data involves
describing the relationship between two
variables.
•The process or procedure of describing
the relationship between two variables is
called correlation analysis
What is Scatter Plot?

• The relationship between two variables can

be described by constructing a scatter plot.
• A scatter plot is a graphical representation
of the relationship between two variables.
Example
A company with six branches provide free
coffee to its employees. A manager is interested
to find out if there is a relationship between the
number of cups of coffee provided and the
number of employees in the offices. The table
below shows the data needed. Determine if there
is a relationship between the number of
employees and the number of cups of coffee.
Number of Employees (x) Number of Cups of Coffee (Y)

11 18

13 36

15 40

18 50

21 58

24 74
• Notice that the points on
the scatter plot do not lie
on one line.
• However, the points
closely follow a straight
line.
• This line is called a trend
line.
•The relationship between two variables
is described in terms of strength and
direction.
 TYPES OF CORRELATION
ACCORDING TO DIRECTION
 Positive Correlation
•A positive correlation exist if high
values in one variable are associated
with high values in another variable.
Similarly, low values in one variable
are associated with low values in the
other variable.
•If a positive correlation exists, then
the points on the scatter plot closely
follow a straight line slanting up to
the right.
 Negative Correlation
•A negative correlation exists if high values
in one variable are associated with low
values in another variable. Similarly, low
values in one variable are associated with
high values in the other variable.
•If a negative correlation exists, then
the points on the scatter plot closely
follow aa straight line slanting down
to the right.
Zero Correlation

•A zero correlation exists when high

values in one variable are associated to
either high or low values in the other
variable.
•If a zero correlation exists, then the points
on the scatter plot are randomly scattered.
The points do not follow closely a straight
line.
 TYPES OF CORRELATION
ACCORDING TO STRENGTH
• A perfect correlation exists when all the
points on the scatter plot lie on a straight
line.
• When the points on the scatter plot do not lie
on a straight line, the relationship may be
very high, high, moderately high, low,
negligible, or zero.
The next illustration shows the different
types of relationship described in terms of
direction and strength.
Check What You Know
Determine the direction of relationship between the
following pairs of variables. Is it positive, negative, or
zero?

1. room rate and size of a room in a hotel

2. weight and height of a students
3. weight and age of a students
4. age and height of trees
5. number of customers and sales in a department store
6. Pressure and volume of a gas
7. IQ and height of persons
8. amount of rainfall and amount of agricultural harvest
9. area and length of a side of a square
10. speed and mileage of a car
11. extent of fatigue and performance in a speed test
12. income and educational attainment of employees
13. sense of humor and shoe size of a person
14. ages of husbands and wives
15. production costs and sales of a certain company
16. Number of workers and number of days to complete a job
17. height and shoe size
18. number of hours studied and score obtained in a test
19. profit and capital investment
20. blood pressure and cholesterol level
Deepen Your Understanding

1.The following data show the attitude

scores and Mathematics achievement
of a group of students.
Construct a scatter plot for the given data.
a. Describe the relationship between
attitude and achievement in
Mathematics in terms of direction and
strength based on the scatter plot.
ATTITUDE SCORE (X) ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS (Y)

48 22
48 19
47 20
46 20
46 17
43 21
42 21
42 19
41 17
2. It is believed that aptitude is a factor
related to the performance of an
individuals.
The following table shows the aptitude
scores and performance scores of a
group of students.
a. Construct a scatter plot for the given
data.
b.Describe the relationship between
attitude and achievement in
Mathematics in terms of direction and
strength based on the scatter plot.
APTITUDE SCORE (X) PERFORMANCE SCORE (Y)
18 12
16 10
15 11
14 8
13 6
12 4
10 0
3. The following data were obtained
from a group of students regarding the
numbers of hours that they devoted to
studying and the grades that they
obtained in their examination.
a. Construct of scatter plot for the given
data.
b. Describe the relationship between the
number of hours spent on study and the
examination grades in terms of direction
and strength based on the scatter plot.
NUMBERS OF HOURS STUDIED (X) EXAMINATION GRADE (Y)
8 56
5 44
11 79
13 72
10 70
5 54
18 94
15 85
2 33
8 65
THANK YOU!!!