AGBE 1413

AB Power Engineering

TRACTORS
TRACTO
R

derived from the

Latin trahere,
meaning “to draw.”
TRACTOR
A self-propelled machine
that can be used to supply
power for:
1. pulling mobile machines
and,
2. operating the
mechanisms of either
stationary or mobile
machines using a belt pulley
or a power take-off.
TRACTOR:
CLASSIFICATION

TWO-WHEEL
TRACTOR

FOUR-
WHEEL
TRACTOR
2-WHEEL TRACTOR

Single-axle machine
powered by an engine
ranging from 3 hp to 15
hp.

Also known as walking

type tractors or hand
tractors
2-WHEEL TRACTOR
The first two-wheel tractors were
introduced in the Philippines from Japan in
the 1960s for wetland rice cultivation.
It is used for land preparation, planting,
cultivating, harvesting and transport.
Various implements are attached to this
tractor and the operator walks behind to
provide control.
2-W TRACTOR:
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
FUNCTION
1. TRACTION / PULL Type

Pull type two-wheel tractor

provides pulling power
through its drawbar
2-W TRACTOR:
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
FUNCTION
1. TRACTION / PULL Type
 fitted with pneumatic tires for dry land
operation.
 fitted with steel cage wheels for wet land
operation.
 equipped with a single-bottom moldboard
plow or two-bottom disc plow and comb-
tooth harrow for land preparation.
2-W TRACTOR:
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
FUNCTION
2. ROTARY Type
fitted with rotary blades to cut and
pulverize the soil

Axle-driven rotary tilling

type hand tractor

Float-assist rotary tilling

type hand tractor
2-W TRACTOR:
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
FUNCTION
2. ROTARY Type
 Rotary blades may be attached to the
wheel axle for dry land operation.
 Rotary blades may be attached to a front
axle similar to a cage wheel for wet land
operation.
 The wet land type comes with a floating
device for deep mud conditions.
2-W TRACTOR:
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
FUNCTION
3. GENERAL-PURPOSE
Type
fitted with a drawbar for
traction work and a power-
take-off (PTO) for rotary
work

General purpose type hand tractor

2-W TRACTOR:
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
FUNCTION
3. GENERAL-PURPOSE
Type
 It comes with a moldboard or disc plow
attached to the drawbar.
 It comes with a detachable rotavator
assembly powered by the PTO.
 This tractor is of Japanese design and
comes normally with steering clutches
and multiple speed transmission
including reverse.
4-WHEEL TRACTOR

Double-axle machine
powered by an engine
ranging from 15 hp to
over 100 hp.

• The first four-wheel tractors were brought to

the Philippines during the American occupation
for large-scale sugar cane production
4-WHEEL TRACTOR
• Power is delivered as draft at the drawbar,
rotary at the PTO and lifting at the
hydraulic system.
• Implements are mounted on the tractor
using the hydraulic-controlled three-point
hitch system.
• It is a slow moving vehicle (up to 30 kph)
with high torque on the driving wheels.
4-WHEEL TRACTOR
PARTS OF A TRACTOR
 Driver’s
Seat Steering
Wheel

Engine

Roll-Over
Protective
Structure

Rear Wheel
Transmission
Box Front
Wheel
 Light Lever
Fuel
Throttle

Clutch Differential
Brake

Gear Control
Lever

Hydraulic
Control Lever
 Rear
Light

Three-
Point Hitch
System Hydraulic
Hose

Rear Wheel
Power
Single Take-Off
Point Hitch Drive
4-WHEEL TRACTOR
• It comes with
multiple
speed
transmission
including
reverse.

Typical controls of a 4-wheel tractor

• The operator is provided with a seat

from where the tractor is controlled.
4-WHEEL TRACTOR

Typical control panel of a 4-wheel tractor

4-W TRACTOR: CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
HORSEPOWER RATING OF ENGINE
1. COMPACT Type
 tractors with power rating below 32 hp

Compact four wheel tractor

4-W TRACTOR: CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
HORSEPOWER RATING OF ENGINE
2. STANDARD Type
 tractors with power rating
above 32 hp

STANDARD LIGHT tractors

– 32 hp to 49 hp
 STANDARD LIGHT-
MEDIUM tractors – 50 hp to
69 hp
 STANDARD MEDIUM
tractors – 70 hp to 89 hp Standard four wheel tractor
STANDARD HEAVY tractors
– 90 hp and above.
4-W TRACTOR: CATEGORIES
Drawbar Power
Category Lift Force in lb (kN)
in hp (kW)
20 – 45 1,040 – 2,340
I
(15 – 35) (4.6 – 10.8)
40 – 100 2,080 – 4,810
II
(30 – 75) (9.3 – 21.7)
80 – 225 4,160 – 8,060
III
(60 – 185) (18.6 – 36.1)
180 – 400 6,890 – 12,610
IV
(135 – 300) (31.0 – 56.6)
ROLL-OVER PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURE (ROPS)
ROLL-OVER PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURE (ROPS)
TRACTORS
COMMONLY USED
TRACTOR SYMBOLS

For complete details, see PAES 105:2000

COMMONLY USED
TRACTOR SYMBOLS

For complete details, see PAES 105:2000

COMMONLY USED
TRACTOR SYMBOLS

For complete details, see PAES 105:2000

COMMONLY USED
TRACTOR SYMBOLS

For complete details, see PAES 105:2000

COMMONLY USED
TRACTOR SYMBOLS

For complete details, see PAES 105:2000

COMMONLY USED
TRACTOR SYMBOLS

For complete details, see PAES 105:2000

COMMONLY USED
TRACTOR SYMBOLS

For complete details, see PAES 105:2000

RECOMMENDED
READINGS
PAES 105:2000 - Symbols for Operator’s Controls and Other
Displays
PAES 109:2000 - Walking Type Agricultural Tractor - Pull Type
PAES 110:2000 - Walking Type Agricultural Tractor - Rotary
Tilling Type
PAES 111:2000 - Walking Type Agricultural Tractor - Methods
of Test
PAES 118:2001 - Four Wheel Tractor – Specifications
PAES 119:2001 - Four Wheel Tractor – Methods of Test
PAES 124:2002 - Walking Type Agricultural Tractor - Float
Assist Tiller
PAES 139:2004 - Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS)
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Second major component of the

tractor

It provides draft power through the

wheels, rotary power through the PTO
and lifting power through the hydraulic
system.
COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION

1. DIRECT COUPLING
the load is directly connected to the
engine by some kind of flange device.
 COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
1. DIRECT COUPLING

Transmission efficiency is
about 100%
Speed of rotation of engine =
speed of rotation of load
Direction of rotation of
engine is the same as the load
COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION

2. BELT AND
PULLEYS
two pulleys are used
and connected to each
other by a belt.
COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
2. BELT AND PULLEYS
Transmission efficiency is <100% because of belt
slippage.
Clutch action may be obtained by a third pulley.
Speed ratio between engine and load depends on
diameter ratio of the two pulleys:
COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
3. CHAIN AND SPROCKETS
Two sprockets are used and connected by a
roller chain.
COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
3. CHAIN AND SPROCKETS
Transmission efficiency is ≤100% because of chain slack.
Direction of rotation of the two sprockets are the same.
Speed ratio between engine and load depends on the number
of teeth ratio of the two sprockets:
COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
4. GEARS
Two meshed gears are used.
COMMON METHODS OF POWER
TRANSMISSION
4. GEARS
Transmission efficiency is
≤100% because of gear
slack.
Direction of rotation of the
two gears are opposite each
other.
Center-to-center distance
between the shafts of the
gears is dictated by the size
of the gears.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
2-WHEEL TRACTOR
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
4-WHEEL TRACTOR
END