Classification of Carbohydrates

Metabolism of Primary Nutrients

Safdar Hassan
Faculty of Animal Husbandry
sh.shakir@uaf.edu.pk
 Requirement based

• Primary nutrients
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

• Secondary nutrients
Minerals
Vitamins

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 Chemical Nature based

• Organic nutrients
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins

• Inorganic nutrients
Minerals

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Carbohydrates

• Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones and

their derivates

• Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen

• CH2O

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Classification of carbohydrates
Two major categories

 Nitrogen-free Extract

 Crude Fiber

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Nitrogen free extract

Soluble sugars / Non-structural sugars

Mono-saccharides

Oligo-saccharides

Poly Saccharides (Some are included in NFE)

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Mono-saccharides
 Simple sugars
 Sweet in taste
 Water soluble
 Cannot be further hydrolyzed
 Names regarding No. of carbon atoms present in them

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 Monosaccharaides Derivatives
• Phosphoric acid esters
– The phosphoric acid esters of sugars paly an important role in a
wide variety of metabolic reactions in living organisms

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 Amino Sugars
• OH group on carbon atom 2 of an aldohexose is
replaced by an amino group, the resulting compound will
be an amino sugar

• D-glucosamine, a major component of chitin

• D-galactosamine, component of the poly-saccharide of

cartilage

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Conti…
• Other monosaccharide derivatives are
– Deoxy sugars (DNA)

– Sugar acids; aldoses can be oxidized (Uronic acid)

– Sugar alcohols; simple sugars can be reduced to polyhydric

alcohols (glucose yields sorbitol while both mannose and
fructose yields mannitol)
– The last one occurs in grass silage and is formed by the action
of certain anaerobic bacteria on the fructose present in the grass

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Conti…
• Glycosides
– Hydrogen of the OH attached to the C-1 of glucose is replaced by esterification,
or by condensation with an alcohol (including a sugar molecule) or a phenol, the
derivative so produced is glucoside.
– Oligo and poly-saccharides are classed as glycosides and these compounds
yields sugars or sugar derivatives on hydrolysis
– The cyanogenic glycosides liberate HCN on hydrolysis because of the toxic
nature of this compound, plants containing this type of glycoside are potentially
dangerous to animals

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Oligosaccharides
• Two to 10 units of mono-saccharides
• Less sweeter than the mono-saccharides
• Glycosidic Bond

Sucrose (Glu + Fru)

Lactose (Glu + Galac)
Maltose (Glu + Glu)

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Oligosaccharides
Disaccharides Sucrose, Maltose, lactose, Cellobiose

Trisccharides Rafinose

Tetrasaccharides Stachyose
Glycosidic Bond
Polysaccharides
• Formed by the natural condensation of a large number (>
10 units) of monosaccharide units

• Non-reducing sugars

• Tasteless sugars

• Also called as glycans

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Fiber

• Insoluble poly-saccharides

• Structural carbohydrates

• Least digestible portion of mono-gastric feed

• Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin etc.

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(B) Non- Sugars
a) Polysaccharides
I) Pentosans Araban Rabinose
Xylan Xylose

ii) Hexosans Starch Glucose

Dextrin Glucose
Cellulose Glucose

Glycogen Glucose

Inulin Fructose
B) Complex Carbohydrates
Hemicellulose Mixture of Pentoses and Hexoses

Pectin Pentoses and Hexoses mixed with salts of complex

acid
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