Design process

Design Process
1. Sketch map of the network (based on spring yield, population per WP, topographic overview)

2. Yield to each branch based on the needs

R1 R3
Q1 Q3
QDB1 QDB2 Q5
SB DB1 DB2 R5
Must be ≤ Qdry season
Q2 Q4
R2 R4
 Design standards
Standards type Value Unit Comments
Consumption per capita 15 l/pers/day
Capita per HH 6 pers/HH
15 to 50 % in area were population will
Growth rate & design period 0 %
increase
Maximum radius 1 Km 1.5 km in low density area
School 3 l/student
5 l/daytime patient Sphere Standards
Health Center
40 l/bed
Exception are acceptable for very low nb of HH
Simple WP (1 outlet) 25 to 75 HH
(ex: WP at spring location)
Double WP (2 outlets) 76 to 150 HH For high population: construction of 2 WP
Closed flow (community reservoir)
Min reservoir size 1.5 m3 1 ring – for school or health center
Max reservoir size 4.5 m3 3 rings
Storage time 14 hours
Min design yield 0.05 l/s Crest flow at DB not guaranteed for lower yield
Open flow
Service time 10 hours
Min design yield per WP Exception are acceptable for very low nb of HH
0.15 l/s
outlet (ex: WP at spring location)
 Open flow versus Closed systems
Open flow Closed system
• Not complex • Supply more than double of
• Easy to maintain population
• Durable
• Cattle supply

 To prefer  To choose in case of scarcity of

water
 Needs - Example

Needs Yield (l/s) Yield (l/s)

Water point name HH Patients Bed Students
(l/day) Open flow Closed flow

WP1 70

WP2 95

WP3 (School) 750

WP4 52

WP5 (Health Center) 100 4

Total
 Needs - Example

Needs
Water point name HH Patients Bed Students Calculation
(l/day)

WP1 70 =70 HH x 6 pers/HH x 15 l/pers/day 6,300

WP2 95 =95 HH x 6 pers/HH x 15 l/pers/day 8,550

WP3 (School) 750 =750 Student x 3 l/student/day 2,250

WP4 52 =52 HH x 6 pers/HH x 15 l/pers/day 4,680

=100 Patients x 5 l/patients/day

WP5 (Health Center) 100 4 660
+ 4 bed x 40 l/bed/day

Total 22,440
 Simple WP (1 outlet) 25 to 75 HH

Open flow
Double WP (2 outlets) 76 to 150 HH
Open flow
Service time 10 hours
Min design yield per WP outlet 0.15 l/s

Needs Yield Open flow

Water point name HH Patients Bed Students Needs/36,000
(l/day) (l/s)

WP1 70 6,300

WP2 95 8,550

WP3 (School) 750 2,250

WP4 52 4,680

WP5 (Health Center) 100 4 660

Total 22,440
 Simple WP (1 outlet) 25 to 75 HH

Open flow
Double WP (2 outlets) 76 to 150 HH
Open flow
Service time 10 hours
Min design yield per WP outlet 0.15 l/s

Needs Yield Open flow

Water point name HH Patients Bed Students Needs/36,000
(l/day) (l/s)

WP1 70 6,300 0.18 0.18

WP2 95 8,550 0.24 0.30

WP3 (School) 750 2,250 0.06 0.15

WP4 52 4,680 0.13 0.15

WP5 (Health Center) 100 4 660 0.02 0.15

Total 22,440 0.93

 Closed flow
Storage time 14 hours
Closed flow R = 4.5 m 3
Min design yield per reservoir 0.05 l/s

Water point Needs Needs (Needs – Yield closed flow

HH Patients Bed Students
name (l/day) /86,400 4,500) /36,000 (l/s)

WP1 70 6,300

WP2 95 8,550

WP3 (School) 750 2,250

WP4 52 4,680

WP5 (Health
100 4 660
Center)

Total 22,440
 Closed flow
Storage time 14 hours
Closed flow R = 4.5 m 3
Min design yield per reservoir 0.05 l/s

Water point Needs Needs (Needs – Yield closed flow

HH Patients Bed Students
name (l/day) /86,400 4,500) /36,000 (l/s)

WP1 70 6,300 0.07 0.05 0.07

WP2 95 8,550 0.1 0.11 0.11

WP3 (School) 750 2,250 0.03 <0 0.05

WP4 52 4,680 0.05 0.01 0.05

WP5 (Health
100 4 660 0.01 <0 0.05
Center)

Total 22,440 0.33

 Comparison with dry season yield
Qdry season = 1 l/s

Needs Yield (l/s) Yield (l/s)

Water point name HH Patients Bed Students
(l/day) Open flow Closed flow

WP1 70 6,300 0.18 0.07

WP2 95 8,550 0.30 0.11

WP3 (School) 750 2,250 0.15 0.05

WP4 52 4,680 0.15 0.05

WP5 (Health Center) 100 4 660 0.15 0.05

Total 22,440 0.93 0.33

 Comparison with dry season yield
Qdry season = 0.40 l/s

Needs Yield (l/s) Yield (l/s)

Water point name HH Patients Bed Students
(l/day) Open flow Closed flow

WP1 70 6,300 0.18 0.07

WP2 95 8,550 0.30 0.11

WP3 (School) 750 2,250 0.15 0.05

WP4 52 4,680 0.15 0.05

WP5 (Health Center) 100 4 660 0.15 0.05

Total 22,440 0.93 0.33

 Comparison with dry season yield
Qdry season = 0.85 l/s

Needs Yield (l/s) Yield (l/s)

Water point name HH Patients Bed Students
(l/day) Open flow Closed flow

WP1 70 6,300 0.18 0.07

WP2 95 8,550 0.30 0.11

WP3 (School) 750 2,250 0.15 0.05

WP4 52 4,680 0.15 0.05

WP5 (Health Center) 100 4 660 0.15 0.05

Total 22,440 0.93 0.33

 Design Process
1. Sketch map of the network (based on spring yield, population per WP, topographic overview)

2. Yield to each branch based on the needs

R1 R3
Q1 Q3
QDB1 QDB2 Q5
SB DB1 DB2 R5
Must be ≤ Qdry season
Q2 Q4
R2 R4

3. Design of the distribution boxes (DB)

4. Hazzen William formula

 The PVC pipe sizes in the DB can be completely different from the pipeline!
 Pressurized flow

The pipe Max speed in the

is full center of the pipe
of water

Speed is 0 near to the pipe wall due to friction

• The pipe is full.

• Loss of energy due to the friction of the water
against the pipe wall.
• Hazzen William Formula.
 Free surface flow
Max speed at the
Air surface of the water

Water

Speed is 0 near to the pipe wall due to friction

• Same as open air canal.

• Less flow than pressurized flow.
• Complex formula to calculate head loss
 Consider water always under pressurized flow.
 Crest flow
Air Vent
Water level

Crest

Slab

• For vertical pipes outlets.

• DB: flow must fall calmly into vertical pipes
• Flow that goes into the pipe is proportional to the pipe
diameter.
 Distribution Box

Separates the flow:

• The flow falls into vertical pipes as if their
where weirs
• The flow is proportional to the pipe diameter
• Thanks to the air vent, the flow is not
dependent on the downstream pipeline
 Distribution Box Air Vent
Overflow
25 cm height of vertical outlet pipes Outlet
Sufficient vertical fall

35
Inlet

25

15
Connector for overflow

Pipes: 60 cm under ground

 Adapt the diameter of the pipe to the flow

• The diameter of the pipe should be sufficient to carry

the design flow with a crest flow
Pipe diameter (mm) ½ x 25 ½ x 16 25 32 50 63 75 90 110

Max crest flow (l/s) 0.1 0.16 0.16 0.3 0.6 1 1.5 2 3

• If the diameter is too small, then

the vertical pipes will be flooded
 The repartition will not be
proportional to the diameter
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.1 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.2l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.3l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1
Outlet 2
Outlet 3
Total
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.1 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.2 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.3 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.1
Outlet 2 0.2
Outlet 3 0.3
Total 0.6
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.1 l/s Pipe

(mm)
diameter ½ x 25 ½ x 16 25 32 50 63 75 90 110

Outlet 2 = 0.2l/s Max crest flow (l/s) 0.1 0.16 0.16 0.3 0.6 1 1.5 2 3

Outlet 3 = 0.3l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.1
Outlet 2 0.2
Outlet 3 0.3
Total 0.6
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.1 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.2 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.3 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.1 25 mm
Outlet 2 0.2 50 mm
Outlet 3 0.3 75 mm
Total 0.6 150 mm
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.1 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.2 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.3 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.1 25 mm
Outlet 2 0.2 50 mm
Outlet 3 0.3 75 mm
Total 0.6 150 mm 0.6
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.1 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.2 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.3 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.1 25 mm 0.1
Outlet 2 0.2 50 mm 0.2
Outlet 3 0.3 75 mm 0.3
Total 0.6 150 mm 0.6
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.25 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.48 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1
Outlet 2
Outlet 3
Total
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.25 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.48 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.25
Outlet 2 0.35
Outlet 3 0.48
Total 1.08
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.25 l/s Pipe

(mm)
diameter ½ x 25 ½ x 16 25 32 50 63 75 90 110

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s Max crest flow (l/s) 0.1 0.16 0.16 0.3 0.6 1 1.5 2 3

Outlet 3 = 0.48 l/s

Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.25
Outlet 2 0.35
Outlet 3 0.48
Total 1.08
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.25 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.48 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.25 50 mm
Outlet 2 0.35 75 mm
Outlet 3 0.48 2x50 mm
Total 1.08 225 mm
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.25 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.48 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.25 50 mm 0.24
Outlet 2 0.35 75 mm 0.36
Outlet 3 0.48 2x50 mm 0.48
Total 1.08 225 mm 1.08
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.05 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.6 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1
Outlet 2
Outlet 3
Total
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.05 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.6 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.05
Outlet 2 0.35
Outlet 3 0.6
Total 1.0
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.05 l/s Pipe

(mm)
diameter ½ x 25 ½ x 16 25 32 50 63 75 90 110

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s Max crest flow (l/s) 0.1 0.16 0.16 0.3 0.6 1 1.5 2 3

Outlet 3 = 0.6 l/s

Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.05
Outlet 2 0.35
Outlet 3 0.6
Total 1.0
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.05 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.6 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.05 ½ x 25 mm
Outlet 2 0.35 90 mm
Outlet 3 0.6 2 x 75 mm
Total 1.0 252.5 mm
 Design of the distribution boxes
1) Choose the diameter of the smallest pipe
2) Deduct the yield of the outlet 2 and 3
3) Calculation of the real yield in each outlet

Outlet 1 = 0.05 l/s

Outlet 2 = 0.35 l/s
Outlet 3 = 0.6 l/s
Min Yields (l/s) Outlets Chosen Real Flow (l/s)
Outlet 1 0.05 ½ x 25 mm 0.05
Outlet 2 0.35 90 mm 0.36
Outlet 3 0.6 2 x 75 mm 0.59
Total 1.0 252.5 mm 1.0
Problem of flat area after Spring and DB
For DB : Elevated DB on flat land.