2.

Three phase IM windings

Introduction

• The winding of a machine is the arrangement of

conductors' designed to produce emfs by relative
motion in a magnetic field.
• Electrical machines employ groups of conductors
distributed in slots over the periphery of the
armature.
• The groups of conductors are connected in various
types of series-parallel combination to form
armature winding.

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 2. Poly phase IM windings
Introduction

• The winding of a machine is the arrangement of

conductors' designed to produce emfs by relative
motion in a magnetic field.
• Electrical machines employ groups of conductors
distributed in slots over the periphery of the
armature.
• The groups of conductors are connected in various
types of series-parallel combination to form
armature winding.

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• The conductors are connected in series so as to
increase the voltage rating.
• They are connected in parallel to increase the
current rating.
Terminologies associated with ac windings
- Conductor: a length of wire which takes active
part in the energy converting process.
- Turn: One turn of wire consists of two conductors.
- Coil: A coil may consist of a single turn or may
consist of many turns, placed in almost similar
magnetic position, connected in series.
- Coil-Side: A coil consists of two coil sides, which
are placed in two different slots, and are almost a
pole pitch apart.

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 Coil and a coil group

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 - Pole pitch: The peripheral distance between identical points
on the two adjacent poles. It is always equal to 1800
electrical.
- Coil span or coil pitch: The distance between two coil sides
of a coil. It is usually measured in terms of teeth, slots or
electrical degrees.
- Chorded coil: If the coil span is equal to the pole pitch, then
the coil is termed as a full pitch coil. In case the coil pitch is
less than pole pitch, then it is called chorded, shorten, or
fractional pitch coil.
- Phase belt: the group of adjacent slots belonging to one
phase under one pole-pair. ( Phase band, phase group)
- Phase spread: the angle subtended by one phase-belt is
called phase spread, σ

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  Consider the case of a 12-slot 1
A

armature having two poles 12 2

and wound for three phases as 11 e12

e1
e2
e3
3

shown in the fig. If the flux C e11

density wave shape is 10 e10 e4 4

e5
considered to be sinusoidal, 9
e9
e8 e6 5
the emfs of the conductors in
e7

the adjacent slots can be 8

7
6

represented as phasors
displaced from each other by B e e4
3

an angle αs (electrical) . e2
EA
EC
e1
e12 1200

1200
e11 e5

P  e10 e9 1200

s   radian  30  e6

S 6
e7

EB e8
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 SEQUENCE of PHASES AND PHASE BELT

In poly phase windings it is essential that,

• The generated emfs of all the phases are of equal
magnitude;
• The wave forms of the phase emfs are identical;
• The frequency of the phase emfs are equal and
• The phase emfs have mutual time-phase displacement of β =
2π/m electrical radians; where m is the no. of phases.

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 If the winding is divided into three groups (one for
each phase) spread over two pole pitches, the
electrical displacement in space between the
groups is 2/3 electrical radian or 1200 electrical.
 Each phase is located in four consecutive slots and
so the phase spread is 4 x 300 = 1200 electrical.
 If the conductors in the slots are connected as per
the phasor diagram (in additive arrangement), the
summation of conductor emfs would give three
emfs displaced 1200 in time, following a phase
sequence of ABC in time. The space sequence is
also 1200.

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• The conductors in adjacent slots 1,2,3 and 4 belong to phase
A, Forming phase belt, phase band, phase group of phase A.
• Similarly, conductors 5,6,7, and 8 and conductors
9,10,11,and 12 form phase belts of phase B and phase C
respectively.
• Sequence of phase belt

• Let us Consider the case of a 12-slot armature having two

poles and wound for three phases.
• The 12 conductors can be used to obtain three-phase single layer
winding having a phase spread of 600.

•The coil span : Ys = S/p = 12/2 = 6

•Slot angular pitch: αs = 2π/S = 2π/12 = 300

Thus for a phase spread of 600, two adjacent slots must belong to the same phase.
Therefore,
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 A
 Conductors of phase A coil groups are placed
B’
in slots, 1,2 and 7,8. 12
1
2

 Conductors of phase B are placed in slots 5,6 11 e12

e1
e2 3
and 11,12. e11
e3 C’

 Conductors of phase C are placed in slots 3,4 10 e10 e4 4

and 9,10. e9 e5
C
 Conductors in slot 7,8 are return conductors 9 e8
e7
e6 5

for conductors in slots 1,2. 8 6

 Conductors in slots 11,12 are return 7 B

conductors for conductors in slots 5,6. A’

-e8
 Conductors in slots 3,4 are return conductors EA

for conductor in slots 9,10. -e7

 If the conductors were connected as e2

represented by the phasor diagram , we

would still get three equal emfs displaced by
e1

1200 in time, following a phase sequence A C` e5

B A` C B` in space for a phase sequence of A EC
e10 e9
e6
B C supply voltage. -e4 -e3
-e11

EB -e12

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• In this winding diagram, phase belt consisting of conductors in slot 1 and 2
are designated by A whereas, the phase belt made up of return conductors
7,8 is denoted by –A.
• For a three phase winding, phase B must start 1200 away from start of phase
A and phase C must start 1200 away from phase B.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2

-C -A -B
A B C

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 TYPES OF AC MACHINES WINDINGS

 There are two basic physical types for ac

machine windings. They behave differently
with arrangements of coils in sequence
around the armature.
 The two types are:
1.Single layer winding and
2.Double layer winding

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 1. SINGLE LAYER WINDING

• The fig. below shows an arrangement for a single

layer winding. In this type of winding arrangement,
one coil side of a coil occupies the whole slot.

Coil
side

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• Single layer windings are not used for machines having
commutator. Single layer winding allow the use of semi-
closed and closed types of slots.

TYPES OF SINGEL LAYER WINDINGES

• The three most common types of single layer windings are

1.Concentric windings ( Unequal coil span)
2.Chain windings (equal coil span)
3.Mush windings (equal coil span)

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 CONCENTRIC WINDING
 Three-phase concentric
winding consists of coil A coil-group with 3-coils
groups laid in the slots
so that all the coils of q
each group are
concentric. Y1
1 12
Y2
2 11

 That is, the coil with 3 Y3

10
Jumper
the smallest slot pitch
is surrounded by the
coil with the next larger
slot pitch and so on to Start Finish
make up a coil group. (S) (F)

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 Each coil consists of several turns and the cross-over
from one coil to the next is indicated by a short
slanted line (jumper).
 In order to construct the diagram for a winding, the
following date must be known:
S - The number of slots in the stator
P – The number of poles
m – The number of phases
YS – The pitch of the winding
a – The number of parallel circuits in the
windings

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 The pitch of the winding is determined by the formula
S
YS 
 The pitch is the
P
distance between two sides of a coil
expressed as the difference between the numbers of the
slots in which the sides lie.
 Another important value of the winding of ac machines is
the number of slot per phase per pole denoted by the
letter q. It can be determined by the formula

S
q
Pm
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 Sometimes q is called a pole-phase group, and is
defined as a group of coils of a phase under one
pole.
 The number of slots per pole per phase in
concentric winding can be seen directly from the
diagram. It is equal to the number of coils in a coil
group.

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 CONNECTTNG COIL GROUPS INTO PHASES
 As soon as all the coils have been laid in the slots, the coil
groups are connected in to phases.
 Each group is provided with two leads for the start and finish
of the group.
 The total number of leads is therefore twice the number of
coil groups.
 A stator winding must have six leads brought out to the
terminal panel; these leads being the beginnings and ends of
the three phases.
 All the reaming leads must be interconnected in the
respective phases with in the winding.
 It is now necessary to decide in order to determine the
beginnings and ends of each phase.

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 IN GENERAL TWO MAINS RULES ARE FOLLOWED

 The distance between the beginning of the

phase and the distance between the
beginning of another phase must be equal to
120 electrical degrees.
 Any slot can be chosen as the beginning of the
first phase.
 The coil groups in each phase should be
interconnected by joining there unlike leads,
i.e. start to finish, or finish to start.
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 Example 1
• Given
S=24; p=4;m=3; a=1; type=Concentric
a) The number of coil groups,K
P 4 i.e. there is two coil groups per phase
K  3  3  6
2 2
b)The number of slots per pole per phase, q
S 24
q  2 i.e. there are two coils in a group
m  p 3 4

c) Coil pitch
S 24
YS   6 Full-Pitch ( average pitch)
p 4

coil pitch The shorter = YS-1=6-1=5

The larger coil pitch = YS+1=6+1=7
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 d) The electrical angle, 

  180  P  180  4  720

e) The angle between adjacent slots, 
720
   30
S 24
f) The distance between the beginning of each phase, 

120120
   4 slots
 30 

If the beginning of Phase A is slot 1, then the beginning of phase

B is slot 1+=5 and the beginning of phase C is slot 1+2=1+8=9

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 Phase sequence
A
C’
B’ 600

C B

A’
A A C C B B A A C C B B A A C C B B A A C C B B
’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’

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connection Diagrams
Phase B
Phase A Phase C
B
A C

1 +7 5 12
I
8
II 9 16
2 +5 7 6 11 III
10 15

17 24
13 +7
IV
20
V 21 4
14 +5 19 18 23 VI
22 3

B’
A’ C’

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 Coil Groups of Phase A
 The first and second slots will be occupied by left-hand
sides of the first coil group of phase A.
 Leave four, or 2q slots free for other two phases occupy
slots 7 & 8 with the right hand side of the first coil
group.
 Next to it will lie a second coil group of the same size
which occupies slots 9,10,15,16.

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

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 Coil Groups of Phase B
 In order to find, where the  The angle between adjacent slots,
second phase (B) should begin, it 
is necessary to know the angle  720
   30
between slots in electrical S 24
degrees.
 The distance between phase
=180.P = 180.4 = 7200 – beginnings will have
Electrical degree
120 120
   4 slots
 30

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

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 Coil Groups of Phase C
21 4
22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4

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 Current direction

N S N S
1-6 7-12 13-18 19-24
21 4

22 3

1 3
N 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4

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 Phase A – Coil groups interconnection

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• Connection of other two phases is exactly similar to that of
phase A.
• The three phases interconnection within the phase coil
groups and completed end terminals of the motor winding is
as follows:-
21 4

22 3

1 3
N 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4

A C’ B C A’ B’

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 MUSH WINDING
 This winding is very commonly used for small induction motors
having circular conductors.
 This is a single layer winding where all the coils have same span
(unlike the concentric winding where coils have different
spans).
 Each coil is wound on a former, making one coil side shorter
than the other.
 The winding is put on the core by dropping the conductors, one
by one into previously insulated slots.
 The short coil sides are placed first and then the long coil sides.
The long and short coil sides occupy alternate slots.
 It will be also observed that the ends of coil situated in
adjacent slots cross each other i.e. proceed to left and right
alternatively.
 That is why sometimes it is known as a basket winding.
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 MUSH WINDING

Coil pitch

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 Basket winding

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 Points to be remembered
The following should be kept in mind while designing a
mush winding, that is
 The coils have a constant span.
 There is only one coil side per slot and therefore the number
of coil sides are equal to number of slots.
 There is only one coil group per phase per pole pair and
therefore, the maximum number of parallel paths per phase is
equal to pole pair.
 The coil span should be odd. Thus for a 4 pole 36 slot
machine, coil span should be 36/4=9 while for a 4 pole 24 slot
machine, the coil span should not be 24/4=6; it should be
either 5 or 7 slots. This because a coil consists of a long and a
short coil side. The long and short coil sides are placed in
alternate slots and hence one coil will be in an even
numbered slot and the other in an odd numbered slot giving a
coil span which is an odd integer.

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 Example 2
Given data
S=12; p=2;m=3; a=1; type=Mush

Solution
a) The number of coil groups, K
P 2
K  3  3  3 i.e. there is one coil group per phase
2 2
b) The number of slots per pole per phase, q
S 12
q  2 i.e. there are two coils in a group
m  p 3 2
c) Coil pitch
S 12
YS   6 Full-Pitch
p 2

This is an even number and hence the winding is not possible with an even coil
span . There fore , it is shortened by one slot and a coil span of 5 slots is used.

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 d)The electrical angle, 

  180  P  180  2  360

e) The angle between adjacent slots, 


360
   30
S 12
f) The distance between the beginning of each phase, 

120
120
   4 slots
 30 

g) If the beginning of Phase A is slot 1, then the beginning of phase B is slot

1+=5 and the beginning of phase C is slot 1+2=1+8=9

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 Phase sequence

A
C’
B’ 600

C B

A’

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A A C’ C’ B B A’ A’ C C B’ B’

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 Connection Diagrams

Phase B
Phase A B Phase C
A
C

1
+5
8 L 5 12 L 9 4 L
+5
2 7 R 6 11 R 10 3 R

A’
B’ C’

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 Coil group of Phase A
• Lay down coil-group belonging to phase A inside the
slots 1,2 and 7,8.

8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8

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 Coil group of Phase B
12
5

8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8

5
12

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 Coil group of Phase C
12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

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 Current direction
N S
1-6 7-12
12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

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 Phase A: Coil group interconnection

12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

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 Phase A & B:
Coil group interconnections
12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

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 Phase A,B & C
Coil group interconnections and Terminals

12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

A C’ B A’ C B’

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 CHAIN WINDING
• In all aspects, this winding is similar to that of mush winding
except that both coil sides of a coil have equal length and
diamond shape.

1 3 5 7

2 4 6

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 Example 3
• Using the data and the solution of Example 2,
construct the single-layer chain winding diagram.
• Connection diagrams
Phase C
Phase B C
Phase A
A B

+5 10 3 R
2 7 R 6 11 R
1 +5 8 L 9 4 L
5 12 L

A’
C’
B’

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