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Lecture 3-Hardware Architecture (Part 2)
Lecture 3-Hardware Architecture (Part 2)
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Contents
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PLC & Automation
Unit Structures
Power Supply Unit
Bus System
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Central Processing
Units (CPU) (ii)
1. CPU Section:
- Process the program in memory and make the decision needed
by the PLC to operate and communicate with other modules,
i.e. switches on or off the connected actuators or indicator lights
2. Memory Section:
- Electronically stores the PLC program along with other
retrievable digital information
- All the memory in a processor is normally referred to as
registers
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Central Processing
Units (CPU) (iii)
CPU of a PLC system may contain more than one processor
– The overall operating speed is improved.
– Memory and programs are working simultaneously and independently for each processor
Associated with the processor unit will be a number of status LED indicators to provide system
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Memory (i)
Information is stored as binary signals Byte & Byte address:
A memory comprises: 512, 1024, 2048, etc... A term for a unit of eight bits
Bit & Bit address: Individual bits are uniquely addressed by the
The smallest binary unit of information
combination of the bit and byte addresses;
• The bit address is separated from the byte address
Each individual bit in a byte is assigned a digit
by a full stop;
(bit address) • To the right of the full stop, there is the bit address
with the byte address being to the left of it
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Memory (ii)
Word
Consists of two bytes or 16 bits
Using “words” to represent dual numbers, letters, and control instructions
Word address:
The numbering of words yields the word address;
When using words, e.g. IW (input word), QW( output word), MW (memory word), DW (data word),
the word is always the lower byte address of the two associated bytes
Word address 9
Siemens Simatic
S7-1200 (i)
The SIMATIC S7-1200 system comes in 3 different modules: CPU 1211C, CPUC1212C, and
CPU1214C
The CPU of S7-1200 combines a microprocessor, an integrated power supply, input circuits and
output circuits in a compact housing to create a powerful PLC.
– CPU contains the logic required to monitor and control the devices in the application
CPU monitors the inputs and changes the outputs according to the logic of user program which
can include Boolean logic, counting, timing, complex math operations, and communications
with other intelligent devices
S7-1200’s CPU provides a PROFINET port for communication over a PROFINET network
– PROFINET uses the Ethernet network protocol as in offices and information technology (IT) but with
more abilities to meet the tougher conditions in industrial applications
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Siemens Simatic
S7-1200 (ii)
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CPU S7-12xx Series
Feature CPU 1211C CPU 1212C CPU 1214C
Physical size 90x100x75 110x100x75
User memory
Work memory 25 Kbytes 50 Kbytes
Load memory 1 Mbyte 2 Mbytes
Retentive memory 2 Kbytes 2 Kbytes
Local on board I/O
Digital 6 inputs/4 outputs 8 inputs/6 outputs 14 inputs/10 outputs
Analog 2 inputs 2 inputs 2 inputs
Single phase: 3 at 100
High-speed counters _Single phase: 3 at 100 kHz Single phase: 3 at 100 kHz; 1 at 30 kHz
kHz; 3 at 30 kHz
Pulse outputs 2
PROFINET 1 Ethernet communication port
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Memory Areas of S7-
1200
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Code Blocks in CPU
S7-1200
CPU supports the following types of code blocks to create an efficient modular program
– Organization blocks (OB): define the structure of a program
– Functions (FCs) and Function blocks (FBs): program code that corresponds to a particular task which can be
executed frequently or as needed
– Data blocks (DBs): store the data that can be used by the different program blocks
Organization Blocks:
– Program-cycle OBs execute repeatedly as long as the CPU is running (OB1 is the default, others OB200 or
greater)
– Startup OBs execute one time when the operating mode of the CPU changes from STOP to RUN
(initialization for certain parameters or the configuration of hardware modules, should be placed in this OBs)
– Time-delay OBs execute at a specified interval after an event is configured by the start interrupt instruction
– Cyclic-interrupt OBs execute at a specified interval (interrupt cycle program execution at user-defined
intervals) 15
Power Supply of
S7-1200
Main role of power supply is to convert the input to the required for
the PLC operation
The power supply has 3 main components:
Line conditioner: purifies the input AC voltage waveform to a
smoothed sine wave
Rectifier: converts the step-down input AC voltage to the required DC
voltage level
Voltage regulator: maintains a constant dc output voltage level by
filtering and reducing existing ripples
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Summary
Central Processing Units (CPU)
CPU executes the operating system, memory, monitor inputs, evaluates the user logic (ladder
diagram) and turns on the appropriate outputs
CPU section programs data from memory
Memory section is referred to as register and electronically stores the information
Bus system is a group line for transferring signals and exchange signals in Programmable
Controller between the processor and the input and output models across a process bus system
Memory stores information under bit, byte, and word types
Siemens Simatic S7-1200’s light indicators: RUN/STOP, ERROR, MAINT
3 Operating modes of the S7-1200’s CPU: STOP, STARTUP, RUN
Memory areas of S7-1200: I, Q, M, L, and DB
Power supply converts the input to the required for the PLC operation 17