TEST

CONSTRUCTI
 WHAT IS A
A psychological test is a standardized measure
PSYCHOLOGICAL
quantitatively or qualitatively one or more than one
aspect of a trait by means of a sample of verbal or non-
TEST
verbal behaviors.
 Before the real work of test construction,
the test constructor takes some broad
decisions about the major objectives of the
test .

Few stages should be followed by the

constructor.
 STAGES OF
TEST
CONSTRUCTIO
1- PLANNING
DEFINATI OBJECTIV
E OF POPULATI
ON OF ON
THE THE TEST
CONSTRU
PROBABLE LENGTH TIME
CT AND STATISTICAL
CONTENT METHOD
TEST TYPE OF
OF THE FORMAT INSTRUCT
TEST IONS
 ETHICAL
PROFESSI METHOD AND
ONAL OF SOCIAL
COMPETE SAMPLIN CONSIDE
NCE G RATION
INTERPRE MANUAL TEST
TATION AND ADMINIST
OF REPRODU RATION
 2. WRITING
DOWN ITEMS
 WHAT IS
AN ITEM
A single question or task that is not often broken
down into any smaller units. (Bean, 1953:15).
An item is a basic building block of a test, and its
analysis provides information about its performance
 PREPARATION OF
THE ITEMS
Essay objective
test • testitems such as the
writes down the objective
• a test that requires answers in • alternative response item,
essay form. • matching item,
• Then the essay items are written • multiple-choice item,
down. • completion item,
• short answer item,
• a pictorial form of item, etc.
• Depending upon the purpose, he decides to write
any of these objective types of items.
 PREREQUISITES FOR
ITEM
01 WRITING
MATTER
03
COMMAND ON SUBJECT

02
The item writer must have a thorough
knowledge and complete mastery of the
subject matter
FULLY AWARE OF THE
POPULATION
FAMILIARITY WITH
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ITEMS:
The item writer must be fully aware of The item writer must be familiar with
those persons for whom the test is meant. different types of items along with their
He must also be aware of the intelligence advantages and disadvantages.
level of those persons so that he may
manipulate the difficulty level of the
items

04 05 06
COMMAND ON EXPERT OPINION CULTIVATE A RICH
LANGUAGE SOURCE OF IDEA

He must be able to convey the meaning After writing down the items, they must The common source of such factors are
of the items in the simplest possible be submitted to a group of subject textbooks, Journals, discussions,
language. experts for their criticism or suggestions, questions for interviews, coarse outlines,
and other instructional materials.
CHARACTERIST
ICS OF A GOOD
ITEM:
• CLARITY
• MODERATELY DIFFICULT
• DISCRIMINATING POWER
• TO THE POINT
• NOT ENCOURAGE GUESSWORK
• CLEAR IN READING
• INDEPENDENT FOR ITS MEANING
 GENERAL RULES FOR
ITEM
01 WRITING
03
ITEM 05
CLARITY OF THE DIFFICULTY LEVEL
SHOULD BE
ADAPTABLE
IRRELEVANT CLUES
MUST BE AVOIDED

04 06
STEREOTYPED WORDS INTERLOCKING ITEMS

02
NON-FUNCTIONAL
WORDS SHOULD BE SHOULD BE AVOIDED: MUST BE AVOIDED:
AVOIDED:

Extra words like unwanted

• Sociometry is a technique used to study the effect
adjectives,.
structure of groups. True/false.
adverbs , helping verbs,and
• It is a kind of projective technique. True/false.
pronouns. • It was developed by Morene et al. true/false.
Words like "of," "the," "to," they
have little meaning on their own.
 ITEMS NUMBER
AND
ARRANGEMENT
ITEM NUMB ER ARRANGEMENT
No hard and fast OF ITEMS
items are arranged in increasing
rule .An item writer order of difficulty those having
should always write the same form (say alternative
form, matching, multiple-
almost TWICE the choice, etc.) and dealing with
number of items to the same contents are placed
together.
be retained finally
 3.PRELIMINARY
ADMINISTRATION
 THE
EXPERIENTIAL
The first TRYOUT/
administration of thePRE-TRY-
test is called
EXPERIMENTAL TRY-OUT or PRE-TRY-OUT. The sample
size for experimental tryOUT:
out should be 100.

The purpose of the experimental try out is manifold

PRE-TRYOUT
DETERMINES
• DETERMINES VAGUENESS AND
WEAKNESSES:
• DETERMINING DIFFICULTY LEVEL
OF EACH ITEM:
• DETERMINES TIME LIMIT
• DETERMINES APPROPRIATE
LENGTH OF A TEST.
 PROPER
TRYOUT
The second preliminary administration is called PROPER TRYOUT. At this stage
test is delivered to the sample of 400 and must be similar to those for whom the
test is intended.

The proper try-out is carried out for the item analysis. ITEM ANALYSIS is the
technique of selecting discriminating items for the final composition of the test.

ITEM DIFFICULTY
DISCRIMINATORY POWER OF THE ITEMS:
:
 FINAL TRYOUT
The sample for final administration should be at least 100.

At this stage, the items are selected after item analysis and constitute the test in
the final form.

effectiveness of test and when it should be administered .

After final tryout, expert opinion should be considered again.

4. RELIABILITY OF
THE FINAL TEST
 DEFINITION
It is defined as the degree to which a measurement is consistent. If findings from the
research are replicated consistently then they are reliable.

The basis of the experimental test is composed of the selected items, the final test
administered on a fresh. For this purpose, we check the reliability of the test and it
indicates the consistency of scores.
 TYPES OF
RELIABILITY
In te rn al Re lia bi lit y External Reliability

It assesses the consistency It refers to the extent to which a

of results across items measure varies from one use to
within a test. another
CROSS
VALID
ATION
Cross-validation refers to the revalidation of a
test on a sample of test-takers other than those
on whom test performance was originally found
to be a valid predictor of some criterion.

The final test should be cross validated on a

new sample. For example, a test of depression
should produce higher scores for people who
have been diagnosed with major depression.
5. VALIDITY OF THE
TEST
 It refers to the extent to which test claim to measure
what it claims to measure. If a test is valid then it must
be reliable.
 TYPE OF
VALIDITY
In te rn al Va lid ity
It is basically the extent External Validity
to which a study is free The results of a research study
from flaws and that any can be generalized to different
differences in a situations, different groups of
measurement are due to people, different settings,
an independent variable. different conditions etc.
TYPES OF VALIDITY
Face Validity
Face Validity is determined
by a review of the items
and not through the use of
statistical analysis.
Criterion related
Construct Validity
validity
Construct validity seeks
The criteria should be clearly
agreement between a theoretical
defined by the teacher in
concept and a specific measuring
device or procedure.
advance.
PUBLISHING THE
TEST
The test construction process does not end with the
collection of cross-validation data. The test developer
also must oversee
• the test should be according to norms
• preparation and reporduction of manual
6.PREPARATION OF
NORMS
NORMS
Norm is defined as the average performance
or scores of a large sample representative of
a specified population

Norms are prepared to meaningfully interpret

the scores obtained on the test.
TYPES OF NORMS
STANDARD SCORE
Grade Norm PERCENTILE
Age Norm NORMS:
NORMS:

Age norms indicate the Grade norm was designed to

Percentile system is ranking of When a raw score is converted
indicate the average test
average performance of test scores that indicate the into a formula it becomes
performance of test-takers in a
different samples of test given school grade, grade norms
ratio of score lower from standard scores..
higher than a given score. A
takers who were at various are developed by administering
percentile is an expression of
ages at the time the test the test to representative samples
the percentage of people whose
of children over a range of
was administered. score on a test or measure falls
consecutive grade levels.
below a particular raw score..
 PREPARATION
PREPARATION OF
OF
MANUAL
MANUALAND
AND
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION OFOF
THE
THE TEST:
TEST:
7. PUBLICATION OF TEST
AND REPRODUCTION
MANUAL
In the manual, the test constructor reports the psychometric properties of
the test, norms, and references. This gives a clear indication regarding the
procedures of the test administration, the scoring methods, and time limits
if any of the test.

It also includes instructions as well as the details of the arrangement of

materials that is whether items have been arranged in random order or in
any other order. The test constructor finally orders for printing of the test
and the manual.
 GOALS
OF TEST
MANUAL
1) describe the rationale and recommended uses for the test

2) provide specific questions against anticiparated misuses of the test

3) site representation studies regarding general and specific test uses

4) identify special qualification needed to the administrator and interpret the test

5) provide revisions, amendments and supplements as needed

6) use promotional material that is accurate and research based

7) report on the degree to which alternative modes of response are interchangeable