D E V E LO P M E N T O F T H E

PERIOD I C T A B L E
JOHAN DOBEREINER

• AROUND 1800, THERE WERE 31 ELEMENTS DISCOVERED. BY 1865, THIS NUMBER INCREASED TO
63. WHEN THEN, WERE MANY ELEMENTS DISCOVERED, SCIENTISTS WERE THINKING OF HOW TO
ORGANIZE THEM. JOHANN DOBEREINER GROUPED THE ELEMENTS IN A TRIAD AND INCREASING
MASS. IN HIS GROUPING, THE AVERAGE MASS OF THE FIRST AND THIRD ELEMENTS IS VERY NEAR
TO THE MASS OF THE SECOND ELEMENT.
JOHN NEWLANDS

• JOHN NEWLANDS WAS THE ONE WHO CREATE THE FIRST PERIODIC
TABLE. HIS OBSERVATION WAS THAT THE PROPERTIES OF THE
ELEMENTS WOULD RECUR AT THE EIGHT ELEMENT CALLING IT THE LAW
OF OCTAVES.
DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEV AND JULIUS LOTHAR
MEYER

• IN 1869, TWO SCIENTISTS NAMED DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEV

ANG JULIUS LOTHAR MEYER MADE OBSERVATIONS OF ELEMENTS
THAT HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,
WHEN THEY ARRANGED THE ELEMENTS IN INCREASING ATOMIC
MASSES, THE PROPERTIES BECOME PERIODIC.
 IT WAS MENDELEEV WHO INSISTED THAT ELEMENTS WITH
THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS HAD TO BE IN THE SAME
GROUP. HE LEFT BLANK SPACES IN HIS CHART FOR HIS
PREDICTED ELEMENTS THAT WERE UNDISCOVERED DURING
HIS TIME YET.
•SO, THE DEVELOPED THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE IN
WHICH THE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN INCREASING
ATOMIC NUMBERS.
• THE MODERN PERIODIC LAW STATES
THAT WHEN ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED
IN INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBERS,
THEIR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES RECUR IN A PREDICTABLE
AND PERIODIC MANNER, THUS THE NAME
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS, ORIGINS
OF THE CHEMICAL NAMES AND SYMBOLS
ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO
ITS ATOMIC NUMBER.

• LEAD
• ANTIMONY • MERCURY
• COPPER • POTASSIUM
• GOLD • SILVER
• IRON • TIN
• TUNGSTEN
• THERE ARE ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC
TABLE IN WHICH THEIR MODERN
NAMES DO NOT COINCIDE WITH THEIR
SYMBOL. THESE SYMBOLS WERE TAKEN
FROM THE ORIGINAL OLD LATIN NAMES
OF THESE ELEMENTS. THE TABLE BELOW
LISTS THESE ELEMENTS AND THE
ORIGINS OF THEIR SYMBOL.
 ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR
ORIGIN
Color People Places Heavenly Greek Latin Origin
bodies Origin
Chlorine Curium Americium Helium Argon Aluminum
Iodine Fermium Californium Mercury Arsenic Calcium
Rubidium Mendelevium Germanium Neptunium Astatine Gold
Zirconium Einsteinium Polonium Selenium Barium Carbon
Nobelium Francium Tellurium Dysprosium
Yttrium
Erbium
Terbium
Ytterbium
• THE NAMES OF THE ELEMENTS ARE WRITTEN BELOW
THE SYMBOL OF 1 AND SO IT HAS 1 PROTON IN ITS
NUCLEUS OTHER EXAMPLES LIKE CARBON HAS A
SYMBOL OF C AND AN ATOMIC NUMBER OF 6; GOLD,
A SYMBOL OF AU BECAUSE IT IS TAKEN FROM ITS
LATIN NAME AURUM AND AN ATOMIC NUMBER OF 79.
ON THE UPPER RIGHT CORNER OF THE BO IS THE
VALUE OF THE ATOMIC MASS OF THE ELEMENT.
•SYMBOLS – USED FIRST LETTER OF ELEMENT.
•( BERZELIUS)
EXAMPLE: H, FOR HYDROGEN
O, FOR OXYGEN
C, FOR CARBON, CALCIUM – COBALT-COPPER
• THIS VALUE IS THE MASS OF THE ATOM OF THE ELEMENT. ITS
UNIT IS THE UNIFIED ATOMIC MASS UNIT OR ABBREVIATED AS
AMU. ONE AMU IS 1/12 OF THE MASS OF ONE ATOM OF CARBON-
12 OR C-12 ISOTOPE. THE PRIMARY CONTRIBUTORS TO THE
MASS OF THE ATOM ARE THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS INSIDE
THE NUCLEUS. THE ATOMIC MASS VALUES ARE THE AVERAGE
MASSES OF ALL THE ISOTOPES OF THE ELEMENT WITH THE
CONSIDERATION OF ITS PERCENTAGE ABUNDANCE IN NATURE.
• LOOKING CLOSELY AT THE PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS, THE FIRST THING YOU WILL NOTICE
ARE THE LETTERS IN THE BOXES, THESE ARE THE
ABBREVIATED CHEMICAL SYMBOLS OF THE
NAMES OF THE ELEMENTS. THE ABBREVIATION
MAY COME FROM THE ORIGINAL OR THE
CURRENT NAMES OF THESE ELEMENTS. THE
NAMES OF THE ELEMENTS ARE WRITTEN BELOW
THE SYMBOL.
• THE NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS
ARE USUALLY REPRESENTED THROUGH
THE LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
(LEDS). THE GROUPS CAN BE
NUMBERED USING THE IUPAC SYSTEM,
WHICH IS FROM 1 TO 18 STARTING
FROM THE LEFT GOING TO THE RIGHT
OR THE OLD NOTATION OF USING
ROMAN NUMERALS WITH A AND B
GROUPINGS.
• GROUP A IS CALLED THE REPRESENTATIVE OR THE MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS, WHILE
THOSE THAT ARE IN GROUP B ARE CALLED THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS. THE ROMAN
NUMERALS REPRESENT THE NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS OF EVERY GROUP OF
ELEMENTS. THE TABLE BELOW GIVES THE NAMES OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OR MAIN
GROUP ELEMENTS AND THE NUMBER OF THEIR VALENCE ELECTRONS. IT IS HELPFUL
THAT YOU LEARN THIS INFORMATION BEFOREHAND AS YOU WILL STUDY ABOUT
CHEMICAL REACTION LATER ON.
•LOOKING AT THE PERIODIC TABLE, WE SEE COLUMNS AND ROWS.
THE ELEMENTS THAT HAVE THE SAME PROPERTIES ARE ALL
GROUPED IN COLUMNS CALLED THE GROUPS OR FAMILIES. THE
COMMONLY ASSOCIATED SIMILARITY OFTHE ELEMENTS IN THE
SAME COLUMN IS THEIR NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS. THESE
ARE THE ELECTRONS IN THE OUTERMOST ENERGY LEVEL OF THE
ATOM THAT PARTICIPATES IN THE CHEMICAL BONDING PROCESS.