SENSORY MECHANISM

 Consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways,

and parts of the brain involved in sensory
perception.

-The Senses are often divided into two:

1. The general senses (e.g., touch,
pressure, pain and temperature)
that are distributed in the skin,
muscles and joints.
 2. The special senses (e.g., senses of
smell, taste, sight, hearing,
and balance) incorporated in
organs with complex
structure.
-Taste signals begin when food particles are sensed
by receptor proteins on the taste bud cells. When the
receptor proteins sense different kinds of particles,
they order their taste bud cell to send a small current
to the nervous system, which relays the impulse to
the brain. The signal is received by the thalamus, and
passed on the two regions of the frontal lobe.
- The sense of smell is most useful in animals
as this allows locating food, marking territory,
identifying offsprings, and attracting a potential
mate. Signals from the stimulus travels along the
olfactory nerve to the brain to interpret the odor.
UNIT 1.
Chapter 11. Immune System
 Immune System-
- is the set of tissues which work together
to resist infections. The immune
mechanisms help an organism identify a
pathogen, and neutralize its threat. It
can also detect and identify many
different kinds of disease agents.
 2 Major Kinds of Defense
Mechanism
1. Innate Immunity- involves barriers that keeps
pathogens from entering the body.
- the first line of defense is the skin that kills
potential pathogenic microorganisms.
 2 Major Kinds of Defense
Mechanism
1. Innate Immunity- involves barriers that keeps
pathogens from entering the body.
- the first line of defense is the skin that kills
potential pathogenic microorganisms.
LYSOZYME- an enzyme in the saliva that can kill
bacteria.
- in the inner lining of organs for digestions or
respiration, mucous is produced to trap
microbes and other particles.
 Pathogens that successfully pass the first
line of defense will face the chemical
defense mechanism, which is often done
through phagocytosis.
 Pathogens that successfully pass the first
line of defense will face the chemical
defense mechanism, which is often done
through phagocytosis.

PHAGOCYTOSIS- (or “cell eating”) is the

process by which a cell engulfs a particle and
digests it. The word phagocytosis comes from
the Greek phago-, meaning “devouring”,
and -cyte, meaning “cell.
2. Acquired Immunity- also referred as the, adaptive
immune system, is composed of specialized, systemic
cells and processes that eliminates pathogens by
preventing their growth.
2. Acquired Immunity- also referred as the, adaptive
immune system, is composed of specialized, systemic
cells and processes that eliminates pathogens by
preventing their growth.

- Acquired immunity creates immunological memory

after an initial response to a specific pathogen, and leads
to an enhanced response to future encounters with that
pathogen.
In Acquired Immunity, lymphocyte
provides specific defense against
pathogens. The body detects foreign
object or pathogen by certain
molecules attached on the outside of
the invading pathogens. The immune
system produces antibodies , which
will attach to these antigens .
LYMPHOCYTES
 LYMPHOCYTES
A lymphocyte is a type
of white blood cell in
the immune system.
They are the main type
of cell found in lymph,
which prompted the
name "lymphocyte".
Lymphocytes make up
between 18% and 42%
of circulating
leukocytes.
2 TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES
2 TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES
T-CELL
2 TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES
T-CELL B-CELL
T- cells or Thymus Cells mature in
the thymus.

They can attack infected cells by

phagocytosis or by injecting
chemicals to break down and kill the
pathogen.
3 Major Types of T- Cell
1. Killer T- cells
- injects chemicals to
pathogens.
3 Major Types of T- Cell
1. Killer T- cells
- injects chemicals to
pathogens.
2. Helper T- cells
- Attract and assist B- cells in
antibody production.
3 Major Types of T- Cell
1. Killer T- cells
- injects chemicals to
pathogens.
2. Helper T- cells
- Attract and assist B- cells in
antibody production.
3. Suppressor T- cell
- stops the T and B cells after
infection.
B-CELLS- also known as B-
Lymphocytes , produces antibodies.
to perform the role of antigen-
presenting cells (APCs),
to develop into memory B cells after
activation by antigen interaction.
-They are produced in the bone

marrow.
 THYMUS
The thymus is a
specialized primary
lymphoid organ of the
Immune
system. The thymus is
located in the
upper front part of the
chest, in the anterior
superior mediastinum,
behind the sternum, and in front of the
heart. Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes
mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system,
where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders.
 BONE MARROW
Bone marrow is the
spongy tissue inside
some of the bones, such
as hip and thigh
bones. It contains stem
cells that can develop
into red blood cells
that carry oxygen throughout the body, the white blood
cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help
with blood clotting. The bone marrow is extremely
important to the immune system because all the body's
blood cells (including T and B lymphocytes) originate in
the bone marrow. B lymphocytes remain in the marrow to
mature, while T lymphocytes travel to the thymus.
 THE SKIN
The skin is a vital
organ in the body’s
defense against
external harm as well
as playing a vital role
in maintaining health,
facilitating tasks such
as temperature
regulation and
immune function. The
Specialist cells within
the dermis (known as Langerhans and mast cells) prompt a
reaction to potential allergens or bacteria, leading to the
inflammation of the skin.
LYMPH NODES
Small bean-shaped
glands that produce
lymphocytes, filter
harmful substances
from the tissues, and
contain
macrophages.
Major groups of
lymph nodes are
located in the tonsils,
adenoids, armpits,
neck, groin and
mediastinum.
 SPLEEN
The spleen is located
under the ribcage and
above stomach in the left
upper quadrant of the
abdomen. A spleen is soft
and generally looks
purple. It is made up of
two different types of
tissue.
The red pulp tissue filters the blood and gets rid of old
or damaged red blood cells. The white pulp tissue consists
of immune cells (T cells & B cells) and helps the immune
system fight infection.
 Peyer’s Patches
Peyer’s patches are
groupings of lymphoid
follicles in the mucus
membrane that lines of
the small intestine.
Peyer’s patches play an
important role in
immune surveillance of
materials within the
digestive system. It contains a variety of immune cells,
including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells.
There are also specialized cells, called M cells, next to the
Peyer’s patches. These M cells feed antigens to the
macrophages and dendritic cells of your Peyer’s patches..
 Appendix
A narrow pouch that projects
off the cecum in the digestive
system. Although it is widely
viewed as a vestigial organ
with little known function,
recent research suggests that
the appendix may serve an
important purpose. It may
serve as a reservoir for benefi-
cial gut bacteria. During the early
years of development, the appendix has been shown to function
as a lymphoid organ, assisting with the maturation of B
lymphocytes and in the production of the class of antibodies
known as immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies
 TONSILS AND ADENOIDS
Tonsils are lumps of soft
tissue and are part of the
immune system. You have
two tonsils, one on either
side at the back of the
mouth .
Adenoids are made of similar
tissue and are part of the
immune system. They hang
from the upper part of the back of the nasal cavity.
Both helps to defend the body from infection. They trap
bacteria and viruses which you breathe in through your
nose. They contain cells and antibodies of the immune
system to help prevent throat and lung infections.
Application:

 How innate and acquired immunity takes

place if the COVID 19 Virus enters the
body.
 Give examples on how to strengthen the
immune system to prevent being sick with
the virus.
Evaluation:
 Identifyand give the functions of the organ that is
being asked for each number.
Assignment:

 Readon the next topic: The Endoctrine

System and try to answer the questions on
page 52.