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Stoichiometry: Mole
Concept & Mass Relationship

© 2004-05 Dorje Gurung

 Learning Objectives
Concepts:
– mole, Avogadro’s number, molar mass
– relative atomic mass (Ar), relative molecular mass (Mr), relative formula
mass
– limiting reagent, excess reagent, theoretical yield, actual yield, percent
yield, percent purity
Skills:
– Given a chemical formula determine the elements present and their
proportion
– Calculate the molar mass of a substance given its formula and table of
relative atomic masses
– Calculate mass of each element and mole ratios of atoms in a given
amount of a compound, and percent composition from formula of a
compound
Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept
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 Learning Objectives
Skills:
– Given two of mass, moles, and molecular (or formula) mass of a
compound, determine the third
– Given mass or mole information about the reactants in a chemical
reaction:
• determine mass or mole of a product formed
• determine volume of gases given that a mole occupies 24 dm 3 at room
temperature and pressure

Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept

Slide 3 of 13
 Relative Molecular Mass (MR)/Formula
Mass/Molar Mass
Relative molecular mass (MR or RMM): the sum of RAM of all the
atoms that make up the molecule.
Relative formula mass (or RFM): sum of the relative atomic masses
of all the ions in a formula unit of an ionic substance.
Notice then that relative mass, whether atomic or molecular or formula,
has no unit.

Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept

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 Magnitude of a mole
A mole of anything is such as large number that it is said that if the
whole population of the world wished to count up to this number
between them and they all worked at counting without any breaks at
all, it would take six million years for them to finish!
Further, a line 6  1023 mm long would stretch from the earth to the Sun
and back two million times!!!
If however a box the size of 24 dm3 (box of dimension 29 cm  29 cm 
29 cm) contains that many number of molecules of gas that make up
air, under room temperature and pressure then atoms and molecules
must be very very small!
– That is, at room temperature and pressure, the volume of 1 mole of any
gas (6  1023 atoms of He, or 6  1023 molecules of H2 or 6  1023
molecules of CO2) is always 24 dm3, which is referred to as the molar
volume of gas.
Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept
Slide 6 of 13
 Mole and the Avogadro number
And atoms and molecules are very very small, and therefore, instead of
counting them individually, they are counted by measuring their mass!
– The quantity of a substance which contains the Avogadro constant
equivalent of elementary particles (atoms, molecules or ions) is the
relative mass of the substance expressed in grams.

That is:
– Since 1 is the relative atomic mass of hydrogen, 1 g of hydrogen (atoms)
will contain Avogadro number (6  1023) atoms of hydrogen.

– Similarly, since relative molecular mass of hydrogen gas (H2) is 2, 2 g of

hydrogen gas will contain 6  1023 molecules of H2.

– 23 g of Sodium will contain 6  1023 atoms of sodium.

Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept

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 Molar Mass
– 28 g of carbon monoxide will contain 6  1023 molecules of CO.

– 18 g of water will contain will contain 6  1023 molecules of H2O.

– 62 g of Na2O will contain 6  1023 units of Na2O; in other words 2  6 

1023 Na+ ions and 6  1023 O2- ions.

Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept

Slide 8 of 13
 A Mole of Water

Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept

Slide 9 of 13
 Revisiting Balanced Chemical Equations
Balanced chemical equations allows us to determine amounts of
chemical reagents involved given the amounts of one or two
substances involved.
Balanced equations provide us with two important quantitative
information about reactions:
1. the atomic and/or molecular (or ionic or formula unit) ratios of the
reactants and products
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (g)

2 molecules 1 molecule 2 molecules

2C (s) + O2 (g)  2CO (g)

2 atom 1 molecule 2 molecules

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
1 formula unit 1 formula unit 1 molecule
Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept
Slide 10 of 13
 Revisiting Balanced Chemical Equations
2. the mole ratio of atoms and/or molecules (or if ionic formula units) of
the reactants and products
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (g)

2 mols H2 molecules 1 mol O2molecules 2 mols of H2O molecules

2C (s) + O2 (g)  2CO (g)

2 mols C atoms 1 mol O2 molecules 2 mols CO molecules

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
1 mol CaCO3 formula unit 1 mol CaO formula unit 1 mol CO2 molecules

Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept

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 What do balanced chemical equations tell
us?
3. The mass ratios of the reactants and products
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (g)
2 (2 X 1 g) = 4 g 2X16 g = 32 g 2(2 + 16) g = 18 g

2C (s) + O2 (g)  2CO (g)

2(12 g) = 24 g 32 g 2 (12 + 16) g = 56 g

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

40 + 12 + 3(16) = 100 g 40 + 16 = 56 g 12 + 2(16) = 44 g

Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept

Slide 12 of 13
 What do balanced chemical equations tell
us?
4. The volume or volume ratios of gaseous reactants and products at
room temperature and pressure
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (g)
2 X 24 = 48 dm3 24 dm3 2 X 24 = 48 dm3

2C (s) + O2 (g)  2CO (g)

2(12 g) = 24 g 24 dm3 2 X 24 = 48 dm3

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

40 + 12 + 3(16) = 100 g 40 + 16 = 56 g 24 dm3
Knowing that, we can find amounts of a reactant or a product given the
amounts of one or more other reagent involved in the reaction.
Extension Stoichiometry: Mole Concept
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