Internal Combustion Engines

MT-330
BTech Mechanical 6 Semester
th

Spring Semester 2020

Instructor

Engr Ali Raza

MS Mechanical Engineering
Lecturer
University of Gujrat HH Campus
Text Book
Internal Combustion Engines
By V. Ganesan, 3rd Edition
McGraw-Hill Publishing C ompany

Reference Books
• Applied Thermodynamics
by Eastop & Mckoncky 5th Edition
• Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental
by John B.L heywood
• Internal Combustion Engines and Air Pollution,
By Edward F. Obert
3
Grading

Evaluation Marks Marks

Midterm Lab Work &

25 50
(Theory & Problems) Note Book
Final
50 Viva 30
(Theory & Problems)
Sessional
(H.W Assignments + Attendance+ 25 Quiz 20
quiz)

Total 100 100

4
 Air Standard Cycles and their analysis
Introduction
• Most power-producing devices operate on cycles, and the study of
power cycles is an exciting and important part of thermodynamics.

• The cycles encountered in actual devices are difficult to analyze

because of the presence of complicating effects, such as friction, and
the absence of sufficient time for establishment of the equilibrium
conditions during the cycle.
 Air Standard Cycles and their analysis
Introduction
• When the actual cycle is stripped of all the internal irreversibility and
complexities, we end up with a cycle that resembles the actual cycle
closely but is made up totally of internally reversible processes. Such a
cycle is called an ideal cycle
• Revise Carnot cycle.
 Air Standard Cycles and their analysis
Introduction
The operating cycles of IC Engines can be broken down into a sequence
of different process viz intake, compression, combustion, expansion and
exhaust.
The internal combustion engine does not operate on a thermodynamic
cycle as it involve an open system i.e. working fluid enters the system at
one set of conditions and leaves at another.
However it is often possible to analyze the open cycle as thought it was
a closed cycle by considering one or more processes that would bring
the working fluid at the initial conditions at the end or cycle.
 Air Standard Cycles and their analysis
Assumptions
1) The working medium is assumed to be a perfect gas and follows the
relation pV=mRT .
2) There is no change in the mass of working medium.
3) All the process that constitutes the cycle are reversible.
4) Heat is assumed to be supplied from a constant high temperature
source and not from the chemical reactions.
5) Some heat is assumed to be rejected to a constant low temperature
sink during the cycle.
 Air Standard Cycles and their analysis
Assumptions
6) No heat losses from the system to surroundings.
7) The working medium has constant specific heats throughout the
medium.
8) The physical constants of working medium are same as those of air
at standard atmospheric pressure.
 Otto cycle
• The Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating
engines. It is named after Nikolaus A. Otto, who built a successful
four-stroke engine in 1876 in Germany using the cycle proposed by
Frenchman Beau de Rochas in 1862.
• In most spark-ignition engines, the piston executes four complete
strokes (two mechanical cycles) within the cylinder, and the
crankshaft completes two revolutions for each thermodynamic cycle.
These are called four-stroke internal combustion engines
 Otto cycle
• A schematic of each stroke as well as a P-v diagram for an actual four-
stroke spark-ignition engine is shown below.
Otto cycle
Otto cycle
Otto cycle
 Otto cycle
Thermal Efficiency
Otto cycle
 Diesel cycle

• The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for CI reciprocating engines. The CI
engine, first proposed by Rudolph Diesel in the 1890s, is very similar
to the SI engine discussed in the last section, differing mainly in the
method of initiating combustion.
• In spark-ignition engines (also known as gasoline engines), the air–
fuel mixture is compressed to a temperature that is below the auto
ignition temperature of the fuel, and the combustion process is
initiated by firing a spark plug.
 Diesel cycle

• In CI engines (also known as diesel engines),the air is compressed to a

temperature that is above the auto ignition temperature of the fuel,
and combustion starts on contact as the fuel is injected into this hot
air. Therefore, the spark plug and carburetor are replaced by a fuel
injector in diesel engines.
 Diesel cycle

In gasoline engines, a mixture of air and fuel is compressed during the

compression stroke, and the compression ratios are limited by the
onset of autoignition or engine knock. In diesel engines, only air is
compressed during the compression stroke, eliminating the possibility
of autoignition. Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to operate at
much higher compression ratios, typically between 12 and 24. Not
having to deal with the problem of autoignition has another benefit:
many of the stringent requirements placed on the gasoline can now be
removed, and fuels that are less refined (thus less expensive) can be
used in diesel engines.
 Diesel cycle
The fuel injection process in diesel engines
starts when the piston approaches TDC and
continues during the first part of the power
stroke. Therefore, the combustion process
in these engines takes place over a longer
interval. Because of this longer duration,
the combustion process in the ideal Diesel
cycle is approximated as a constant-
pressure heat-addition process. In fact, this
is the only process where the Otto and the
Diesel cycles differ. The remaining three
processes are the same for both ideal
cycles. That is, process 1-2 is isentropic
compression, 3-4 is isentropic expansion,
and 4-1 is constant-volume heat rejection.
The similarity between the two cycles is
also apparent from the P-v and T-s
diagrams ofthe Diesel cycle, shown in Fig
Diesel cycle
 Problem-01

Example 3.6 from V Ganesan

In an S.I Engine working the ideal otto cycle , the compression ratio is
5.5. The pressure and Temperature at the beginning of compression are
1 bar and 27 C respectively. The peak pressure is 30 bar. Determine the
pressure and temperature at salient points, the air standard efficiency
and mean effective pressure. Assume ratio of specific heats to be 1.4
for air.
 Problem-02
Example 3.13 V Ganesan
In an engine working on a Diesel cycle inlet pressure and temperature
are 1 bar and 17 C. Pressure at the end of adiabatic compression is 35
bar. The ratio of expansion i.e. after constant pressure heat addition is
5. calculate the heat addition , heat rejection and efficiency of cycle.
Assume