FORMULATION AND

CHARACTERISATION OF
DEODORANTS FROM CARICA
PAPAYA LEAVES GROWN IN
KIAMBU COUNTY
PRESENTED BY;
• FRANCIS KARIUKI BSLT/2020/91071
• FAITH MUTINDI KISOI BSLT/2020/67493
• MARY WANGOI BSLT/2020/90706
A research project submitted to the Department of
Natural Sciences in partial fulfillment for the award
of Bachelors Degree of Science in Laboratory
Technology at Mount Kenya University
ABSTRACT
• Deodorants are products used to prevent body odor
• One of the ingridients used is Aluminum which works by superficially plugging the
eccrine sweat pores at the skin surface
• Aluminum use in deodorants has been linked to various health condtions
including breast cancer, hyperpigmentation on the underarms and itchiness
• This research aims at formulating an aluminum-free deodorant from Carica
papaya leaves
• Carica papaya leaves contain flavanoids,alkaloids and enzymes (papain and
chymopapain) that are vital in countering odor-causing bacteria
• These secondary metabolites are used in deodorant formulation
• The deodorant will be formulated by solvent extraction
 INTRODUCTION
• Carica papaya is a herbaceous succulent plant popularly known as pawpaw, and
belongs to the Caricaceae family
• Papayas have gained popularity for their use in natural skin products
• One of the secondary metabolite of papaya is an antioxidant,lycopene used to
defend against visible signs of aging
• It also contains retinol, a typical form of vitamin A that helps to prevent and treat
infammatory acne lesions
• Beta-carotene, an abundant compound in papaya extract enhances skin glow and
complexion
INTRODUCTION CONT
• Deodorants are one of the most used cosmetic products
• Deodorants produced with aluminum products is problematic to the population
• Some chemicals used in deodorants include
• Triclosan- used to kill bacteria.it is linked with low production of thyroid horone
thus interfering with ovulation
• Phthalates – they fuction as solvents and stabilisers.They adversely affect the
endocrine system and the functioning of multiple organs
• Formulation of this natural deodorant will help counter the effects assiociated
with the synthetic deodorants
PROBLEM STATEMENT
• Aluminum in deodorants causes cancer especially breast cancer due to its
application on the armpit neat the tail of spece of the breast tissue
• The Carica papaya leaves extract contain ribose-inactivating proteins that have
cytotoxic activity in the breast cancer cell line thus preventing the cancer
• Application of deodorants containing causes hyperpigmentation
• Carica papaya leaves extracts have lightening properties that correct the dark
area in the underarms
• Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is effective in absorbing sweat
• The use of aluminum to prevent sweat will be substituted by using baking soda
that keeps the armpits dry all day
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• General objective
• To obtain the essential extracts from the carica papaya leaves
Objectives of the study
• Specific objectives
• To formulate a deodorant using the extracted compounds
• To characterise and test the efficacy of the formulated deodorant
 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
• Accumulation of the chemicals used in deodorants is harmful to the
consumers
• The ues of natural deodorants will help reduce the effects of chemical
ingridients used
• The results obtained from this study will be helpful in;
• Preventing the short and long term effects of chemicals in deodorants
• Remedy strategies on the use of deodorants
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• The project research was carried out at Mount Kenya University, Main
Campus in Kiambu County. The institution is located within the
outskirts of Thika town along General Kago Road. It is situated
approximately 500m from Thika Technical College and 200m from
Bidco Africa company
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Edna Murphey, an inventor from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, created
and developed Mum, the first commercial deodorant
• in 1977 the U.S. FDA banned Aluminum zirconium chemicals, an
active ingredient in deodorant manufacture
• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also limited the use of
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants used in aerosol deodorant due
to awareness on the depletion of the ozone layer
LITERATURE REVIEW CONT.
• The effects of the chemicals in deodorats paved way for natural ones
• Natual deodaorants are formulated using ingridients with
antibacterial properties
• The extract also contain essential oils to provide a pleasant smell
• Natural absorbent ingredients like baking soda to combat moisture
• In the case of pawpaw leaves, the enzyme papain and chymopapain
provide the necessary compounds to formulate a deodorant
• The presence of Beta-carotene provide an added advantage as the
deodorant maintains a healthy skin
NATURAL DEODORANTS PRESENT IN
THE MARKET
• These deodorants contain plant based ingredients and natural fragrances like
botanical extracts and essential oils to mask body odor
1. MOOD DEODORANT-The main extract is Elderberry extract which stops
bacterial growth.
2. NATIVE DEODORANT-It is prepared using coconut oil and Shea butter to
provide a smooth glide, baking soda to ensure the deodorant soak up
excess sweat and oil
3. DEONAT PAPAYA DEODORANT-It lightens darkened underarms with
enzymes from papaya extract while the natural mineral salts provides all
day protection against odor-causing bacteria
EMPERICAL REVIEW
• Aluminium chlorohydrate is a water-soluble aluminium complex which is the
active ingredient in deodorants
• It works by precipitating inside the eccrine sweat glands to produce insoluble
aluminium hydroxide, which then plugs the gland and blocks the secretion of
sweat
• For the uptake of aluminium via the skin, this study determined a
bioavailability of 0.0192% of the amount applied.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• STUDY DESIGN:
• The research project was conducted using an experimental study
design.
• Pawpaw leaves extracts were used be used to formulate a natural
deodorant which was then be characterized
 MATERIALS
Apparatus
• The apparatus used were; 3 storing jars, 3 conical flask, 2 measuring
cylinders, an analytical balance, test tubes(6) , round-bottom
flask(3),condenser, hot plate, laboratory grinder, a thermometer and a
silicon stirring spoon.
Chemicals
• The chemicals used were 100g sodium bicarbonate, 250 ml ethanol,olive
oil, 50ml vanilla fragrance
 SAMPLE COLLECTION
• 2Kg of the pawpaw leaves samples were collected from Gitaru and
Muthure in Kiambu County
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONT.
• Drying the leaves
• After collection, 1Kg of the Carica Papaya leaves were dried in the shade
• Crushing of the leaves
• The leaves were crushed using a pestle in a mortar.
• Extraction of essential oil
• The crushed Carica Papaya leaves were added to a thimble.
• The thimble was then placed in the main chamber of the soxhlet extractor.
• Ethanol as the solvent was added to the crushed leaves in a round bottom
flask which was placed on a heat mantle
METHODOLOGY CONT.
• The soxhlet extractor was placed above the round bottom flask. A
reflux condenser was attached above the soxhlet extractor with cold
water entering at the bottom and exiting at the top. After setting up
the apparatus the heat mantle was turned on and the extract was
obtained in a 24 hour time period
 FORMULATION OF THE DEODORANT
• The main ingredients used were the essential Carica Papaya extract , sodium
bicarbonate and olive oil which is meant to make the deodorant silkier
• 60g of Olive oil was measured and placed in a clean dry glass beaker. It was
later placed on a hot plate for the melting process to commence.
• While it was melting 60g of sodium bicarbonate was measured and
introduced to the hot plate containing the olive oil.
• After it cooled off, it formed a yellow emulsion which was later filtered to
obtain a clear liquid
• A few drops of vanilla essence will be added to the filtrate to make it fragrant
and the transferred to the packaging container
 CHAPTER 4
• INTRODUCTION
• This chapter entails the results, discussions and data analysis of the practical
conducted
1) Homogeneity test-This entailed the qualityof the deodorant having a
uniform structure or composition throughout
2) Relative density-The relative density of the deodorant was done relative to
the density of water
3) pH test-this was done by the use of universal indicator
4) Acid value-this was done to determine whether the deodorant was in the
right acid range to conter bacterial effect on sweat
PRODUCT EVALUATION
• Homogeneity test
• The homogeneity of the deodorant is uniform and it showed no signs of
separations, air bubbles or clumps in it.
• pH test
• The deodorant was determined to have a pH value of 5
• Relative density
• this was determined using the following workings
• Weight of beaker (W1) =59.00g
• Weight of beaker+deodorant =68.32 (W2)
• Weight of beaker+ Weight of water=70.60 (w3)
• RD= (68.32-59.00)\ (70.60-59.00)
• = 0.8034g/ml.
 PRODUCT EVALUATION CONT.
• Acid value
• The value was determined using the following calculations
• Average KOH used (ml) = (0.5+0.4+0.3)/3
• =0.4ml
• Acid value (mg/KOH) = [(Volume of KOH used) × (0.1M KOH concentration)
× (56.1g/mol)]/ (Sample weight in grams)
• = [(0.4) × (1) × (56.1)]/ (10.456)
• = 2.146mg/KOH
 DISCUSSION
• Carica papaya leaves contain alkaloids including carpain and pseudocarpain,
enzyme (papain, chymopapain, cystatin),
• The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds help
neutralize the odor causing bacteria on the skin and provide a fresh and clean
scent.
• This research though is based on thse natural extracts which are used to
replace the Aluminum that is present in the deodorants in the market right
now.
• The deodorat formulated is thus safe for use and concinient as it is free from
chemicals
COMPARISION OF CHEMICALS IN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL DEODORANTS.
1. natural deodorants

INGREDIENT EXAMPLES

Antibacterial triclosan

Kills bacteria

Absorbent compounds- soak up the sweat on the skin aluminum tetraxchlorohydrate

aluminum formate

Fixatives- help the fragrance compounds blend with the other ingredients Benzyl salicylate

Preservatives-extends the shelf life of the product Parabens

Chelating agents- stabilize and preserve the product. Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate

Emulsifiers- improves the products consistency Cetyl alcohol

2.Natural deodorants
INGREDIENT EXAMPLES

Antibacterial -Kills bacteria Enzymes, papain and chymopapain

Absorbent compounds- soak up the sweat on the skin Baking soda

Preservatives-extends the shelf life of the product Citrus oils, clove oil

Emulsifiers- improves the products consistency Candelilla wax

CONCLUSION
• Solvent extraction is an effective method of obtaining secondary
metabolites.
• The method enabled the extraction of these products from carica
papaya leaves to formulate a deodorant
• The deodorant obtained having uderwent testing proved to be
effective
• The use of this natural deodorant help to protect the users from the
harmful effects of chemicals present in ssynthetic deodorants
WORK PLAN
 REFERENCES
Aluminum as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's disease. (2008). Ferreira
PC(1), Piai Kde A, Takayanagui AM, Segura-Muñoz SI, 151-161.
An Earlier Age of Breast Cancer Diagnosis Related to More Frequentuse
of Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Underarm Shaving. (2003). McGrath,
K G, 479-485.
Pawpaw Fruits of warm climates. (2002). Morton, J. F, 336–346.