Introduction

5 categories of solution
Prevention
Never happen again Not always available Change of design / working method

Management
Risk understood by workers Means to deal with risk Safety measures at management level Education and training Check lists and work permit systems

Introduction
5 categories of solution
Collective protection
Barrier around danger IMO: measure which reduces the probability of realising a hazard's potential for harm and of reducing its consequences

Personal protection
Barrier between danger and 1 person Avoid negative consequences

First aid
Limit consequences

Introduction (definitions)
Safety =
Absence potential danger Minimize risk

Freedom from danger or risk

Man-Machine-Environment
Continuous interaction See figure
man machine environment

Introduction (definitions)
Evolution
In time Related to industrial development (society

fully organised => time for safety) Machinery safety -> human safety Safety -> security

Introduction (definitions)
Accident
3 components
Interruption man-machine-environment system Transfer of energy Non planned damage

One component missing => no accident

Introduction (definitions)
Chain of events
Preconditions One link away, no accident

5 dominoes
Background (workers lifestyle / personality) Fault of person (workers attitude / knowledge/ physical & mental conditions) Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions (workers behaviour) Accident (unplanned event) Injury

Introduction (definitions)
New dominoes
Management (loss of control, creates basic causes) Origins (basic causes, personal / job factors) Immediate causes (symptoms, root causes) Contact (incident) Loss (people / property, unpredictable)

Accident = never result of 1 single action

Safety models (Heinrich-Bird pyramid)

Relationship major, minor and no-injury accidents Focus on no-injury accidents to prevent major incident

Safety models (Deming cycle Shewhart cycle)

PLAN: design or revise parts to improve
DO: implement the plan and measure CHECK: report results

ACT: decide changes to improve

Continuous process Continual improvement

Safety models (Swiss cheese model)

Layers of defence Layers have holes Line up of holes => trajectory for accident

Safety models (human error)

Complex (intended, unintended) Slips and lapses: unintended, good plan, without paying attention, mind overloaded Mistake: problem solving process goes wrong, plan is lousy Violations: intended Violations + errors = disaster!!

Safety model (human error)

Types of violations
Unintended violations (not aware of rules) Routine violations (accepted)

Situational violations (in specific situation)

Optimising violations (faster / better) Exceptional violations (undefined situations) Sabotage (deliberate violations, impossible to prevent)

Risk analysis (risk)

Risk = chance * damage High risks intolerable Ways to look at a risk
Objective vs. subjective Pure vs. speculative Different professions

Risk analysis (risk evaluation)

FMEA & FMCEA
Failure of each component Limitations
No human error Single-event initiators External influences limited Results dependent on mode of operation

Actions / safety measures: no costs

Risk analysis (risk evaluation)

Event tree
Safeguards and external influences Major limitation: 1 initiating event Looks on defence systems separately

Fault tree
Logical relationships equipment, humans, external

events Highly effective 3 limitations

One accident Level of detail can vary Statistical predictions is complex

Risk analysis (risk evaluation)

Bow tie model
Unwanted event in the middle Left hand side: causes and hazards, barriers

and controls => proactive controls (elimination / prevention) Right hand side: outcomes, controls and barriers => reactive controls (reduction / mitigation) Combination fault tree and event tree

Risk analysis (risk evaluation)

Tripod analysis
Based on Swiss Cheese & human behaviour Basic risk factors: design, procedures, hardware,

training, maintenance management, housekeeping, incompatible goals

Root cause analysis

Active failures -> surface causes

Latent conditions -> root causes

Preventive and corrective action

Risk analysis (risk evaluation)

FSA
Structured and systematic methodology Technical and complex

5 steps:
What might go wrong? (identification hazards) How bad and how likely? (assessment risks) Can matters be improved? (control options) What would it cost & how much better? (cost benefit) What actions should be taken? (recommendations for decision-making)

Risk analysis (risk evaluation)

Others
Pareto
Ranking technique 80 % problems produced by 20 % of causes Enough historical data should be available

What-if
Problem-solving approach

HAZOP
Systematic & highly structured Qualitative results Mostly in fluid & thermal systems

Risk analysis (safety culture)

Pathological
OK for lawyers Accidents belong with business Idiots with accidents get fired

Reactive
Blame workers for not doing whats been told Re-classifying accidents Safety high on agenda after incident

Calculative
Lots of audits Statistics!

Proactive
Thinking before accident Management open, still obsessed with statistics Procedures owned by workers

Generative
No accidents for a long time Safety seen as profit centre New ideas are welcome

IMO (history)
to provide machinery for cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental regulation and practices relating to technical matters of all kinds affecting shipping engaged in international trade; to encourage and facilitate the general adoption of the highest practicable standards in matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and prevention and control of marine pollution from ships

IMO (history)
Maritime safety (SOLAS) Later also: facilitation traffic, load lines, carriage of dangerous goods, tonnage measuring, pollution (MARPOL 73/78), global search and rescue system (GMDSS 88), ISM Code (98), STCW (97), maritime security (ISPS code 02)

IMO (structure)
Assembly Council Main committees

Maritime Safety Marine Environment Protection Legal Facilitation Technical Co-operation

IMO (structure)
Assembly
Highest governing body All member states

Meeting once every 2 years or extraordinary session if

necessary Responsibilities:
Approving work programme Voting budget Determining financial arrangements Elects council

IMO (structure)
Council
Elected for 2 years after regular session of assembly Executive organ Responsibilities
All functions assembly except recommendations to governments Co-ordinate activities of organs Draft work programme + budget Receive reports and proposals Appoint secretary-general Agreements & arrangements with other organizations

IMO (structure)
Maritime safety committee
Highest technical body All member states

Matters directly affecting maritime safety

Considering and submitting recommendations and guidelines

Adopts amendments to SOLAS (expanded)

IMO (structure)
Maritime environmental protection committee
All member states Prevention and control of pollution

Established as subsidiary body (full constitution 1985)

Nine sub-committees

Legal committee
All member states Legal matters Established as subsidiary body (1967)

IMO (structure)
Technical co-operation committee
Implementation of technical co-operation projects All member states Established as subsidiary body (1969, institutionalised

in 1984)

Facilitation committee
Still subsidiary body (since 1972) Eliminating unnecessary formalities Open to all member states

Secretariat

IMO (conventions)
Definition
International treaty Majority into 3 categories
Maritime safety Pollution Liability and compensation

Adopting a convention

Need raised from 6 organs To council and if necessary to assembly Committee: more detail + draft Draft reported to council and assembly Draft circulated for comments Opened for signature

IMO (convention)
Entry into force
Accepted by individual governments (national law enacted or changed, special facilities,

inspectorate, adequate notice ) Document more important and more complex => conditions more stringent Average of 5 years

IMO (convention)
Amendment
Keeping conventions up to date Early conventions: after percentage of states accepted

(more acceptances for amendment than for convention) tacit acceptance procedure: enter into force at particular time unless objections received

Enforcement
Flag state = responsible Sometimes certifications required IMO no powers to enforce conventions except STCW

IMO (codes)
Before: codes not binding => just guidance Important codes: mandatory Technical requirements

SOLAS (introduction)
Most important international treaty Lot of versions (14, 29, 48, 60) Current adopted in 1974 (updated and amended) Many chapters include codes

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter I general provision
Survey and the documents Safety provisions inspected
Construction Safety equipment Radio equipment

If complies => 3 SOLAS certificates (max 5 years) Survey cycle!!

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter II - 1 construction
Subdivision watertight compartments Stability requirements Requirements machinery to ensure services

maintained under emergency conditions Steering gear requirements

Chapter II - 2 fire
Detailed fire safety provisions Separation accommodation from remainder of ship Detection fire in zone of origin

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter III life-saving appliances and arrangements
LSA Code

Chapter IV radio communications

GMDSS EPIRB SART

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter V safety of navigation

Maintenance meteorological services Ice patrol service Routeing of ships Maintenance search and rescue services Obligation for assistance VDRs AIS

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter VI carriage of cargoes
All types of cargo (except liquids and gases in bulk)

which may require special precaution Requirements for stowage and securing International Grain Code

Chapter VII carriage of dangerous goods

Part A: packaged form, IMDG Code Part A-1: bulk Part B: construction and equipment ship (chemical

liquids in bulk), IBC Code Part C: construction and equipment ship (liquefied gases in bulk), IGC Part D: INF Code, plutonium, high-level radioactive wastes

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter VIII nuclear ships
Basic requirements for nuclear-powered ships Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships

Chapter IX management for safe operation of ships

ISM Code Safety management system Commitment to safety in the whole company

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter X high-speed craft
HSC Code

Chapter XI - 1 enhance maritime safety

Authorization of:
Recognized organisations Enhanced surveys Ship identification number scheme Port state control

SOLAS (overview)
Chapter XI - 2 enhance maritime security
ISPS Code

Chapter XII bulk carriers

Structural requirements for bulk carriers > 150 metres

Chapter III (introduction)

Life saving appliances and arrangements
Personal equipment
Life jackets Immersion suits

Also
Lifeboats Rafts Fast rescue boat

Stresses training and preparedness

Chapter III (introduction)

2 parts
A: general information B: actual requirements (different sections)

Chapter III (communication)

VHF
> 500GRT => at least 3 VHFs Additional in lifeboats

Short distance communication

Channel 16!!

SART
Once activated: detects radar signal and sends signal Maximum useful range => 1 meter above sea level 5 miles

Chapter III (communication)

Pyrotechnics
Parachute flare
12 on bridge, 4 in every lifeboat / raft Peak altitude: 300 m, light intensity: 30 000 cd, 40s Visibility: 25 miles (clear weather) 10 15 downwind firing Firing in 5 minutes interval Night & day

Chapter III (communication)

Pyrotechnics
Hand flare
6 in every lifeboat / raft Red flame, 15 000 cd, 1 min Works after immersion Visibility: 3 miles Night & day

Smoke signals
2 in every lifeboat / raft Orange smoke, 3 min Works after immersion Visibility: 1 3 miles Day

Chapter III (communication)

EPIRB
Transmits distress signal Manual / automatic activation At least 48 hours

Alarm signals
General alarm: at least 7 shorts, 1 long Meaning depends

Line throwing apparatus

2 kN, 4 rockets, min 230 m Physical connection between 2 ships

Chapter III (personal survival equipment)

Lifebuoy
NOT fixed on deck Different types Visible places

Life jacket
Turn unconscious person Small light (0,75 cd, 8 hours) Inflatable jackets

Immersion suits
Protect against hypothermia

Chapter III (survival craft)

Lifeboat

Davit launched Freefall (required on bulk carriers) Fireproof (tankers) Huge inventory like water, food, survival manual, seaanchor, hand flares

Life raft

Stored in heavy-duty fibreglass containers Stabilisation bags Hydrostatic release unit Inventory with water, food

Chapter III (survival craft)

MES
Slide
Often double slide Increases faith Exposed to weather conditions

Vertical tube
Directly into life rafts Increases changes to survive

Rescue boats
Fast intervention Sometimes used as lifeboat

Chapter III (muster list)

Clear instructions Dynamic instrument right person for the right job

Chapter III (training of crew)

Familiarisation Each month: 1 abandon ship + 1 fire drill Manoeuvring lifeboat every 3 months

Chapter III (safety maintenance)

Preventive maintenance Easy to understand Illustrated Checklist Instructions Schedule Lubrication diagram List replaceable parts & sources of spare parts Log