MANDALAY TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Performance Analysis of Hydrokinetic Axial Flow

Turbine by Experimentally and Numerically

( First Seminar)

Supervised by: Dr. Myat Myat Soe

Presented by : Ma Aye Mya Maw

Ph.D ME – 6
1
 Outline of Presentation
 Aim and Objectives
 Problem to be solved
 Literature Reviews
 Introduction
 Classifications of Hydrokinetic Turbine
 Hydrokinetic Axial Flow Turbine Components
 Working Principle
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Hydrofoil Nomenclature
 Attack Angle
 Solidity
 Blade Element Theory
 Blade Element Momentum Theory
 Augmentation Channel of Hydrokinetic Turbines
 Conclusion
 References 2
 Aim and Objectives
 To improve the performance of hydrokinetic axial flow turbine with different

types of diffuser .
The objectives of this research are
 To select the location and confirm the water resource assessment
 To study the theory of hydrokinetic turbine
 To calculate the hydrokinetic turbine design for the required power output
with analytical approach
 To analyze the power coefficient of a hydrokinetic axial flow turbine with
different hydrofoils by ANSYS software.
 To construct a small scale hydrokinetic axial flow turbine
 To make experimental set up of hydrokinetic axial flow turbine , and
 To test the performance of hydrokinetic axial flow turbine 3
 Problem to be Solved
 There are many regions in Myanmar which are lacking an
electricity connection although it has many rivers and streams.
 The construction of hydro dams in rural areas disrupts the
natural seasonal changes in the river and it has large initial
cost.
 To solve these problems,the concept of hydrokinetic turbines
can be used efficiently as it does not need dam and operate on
the flow of running water.
 The electricity generated by hydrokinetic turbine is sufficient
to fulfill household purposes in rural and remote communities.

4
 Literature Reviews
Country
Author Research
Sr. and Title Results
area
Year
1. Vimal July 2016 Experimental Investigated the 50% raise in submersion
Patel, Dixit London Investigations of performance depth, 65% enhancement in
Savalia, Mohit Hydrokinetic Axial evaluation of turbine in maximum power output is
Panchal and Flow Turbine various depth of observed.
Nisarg Rathod submersion.

2. E. Chica, Colombia Design of a Using Ansys CFX to Good comparison

F. P´erez, Hydrokinetic estimate the between the turbine design
A.Rubio- Turbine performance of the power and the obtained
Clemente & blade design. power from the numerical
S.Agudelo simulation.

3. A.H. Munoz, Chile A design Tool and A free and open source 5kW hydrokinetic turbine
L.E.Chiang , May 2014 Fabrications software package was successfully
E.A.De la Jara Guidelines for Small called Turbem is designed ,fabricated and
Low Cost Horizontal developed to obtain the field tested .
Axis Hydrokinetic complete optimal rotor
Turbines(HAHT) geometry of the HAHT

5
Continued;
Country
Research
and
Sr. Author area Results
Year Title

4. Anna Paula Brazil Modeling of Formulation for power CFD simulations of a four
de, S. P. 2007 Hydrokinetic generation using blade runner is performed
Rodrigues, Turbine conventional propeller and compared to the
Antonio C. P rotors and the mass and results of the zero
energy balance applied to dimensional
the free rotors added to a model of the flow.
radial equilibrium
formulation for elements
of the blade.

5. Abdullah Turkey Performance The lift, drag and pressure Both NACA 63 and
Muratoglu, 2015 Analysis of coefficients of various RISØ-A blade sections
M. Ishak Hydrokinetic NACA, NREL and RISØ provide good performance
Yuce Turbine Blade hydrofoils were studied. in order to be employed in
Sections hydrokinetic turbines .
6. Mohammad Canada Performance An experimental work 44% average increases in
Shahsavarifar Gain of a done on two different Cp by using shroud-1 and
d, Eric L. Horizontal axis shrouds to study how 84% average increase in
Bibeau, Amir Hydrokinetic much a horizontal axis Cp by utilizing shroud-2.
Hossein Turbine Using hydrokinetic turbine gains
Birjandi Shroud using shrouds.
6
Continued;
Country
Research
Author and Results
Sr. Title area
Year

7. Jacob Riglin, Canada Diffuser Propeller turbine is 48% increase in power was
W. Chris 2014 Optimization for paired with a generated and the diffuser
Schleicher, A Micro flanged diffuser and resulted in a total thrust
Alparslan Hydrokinetic numerically coefficient ranging from
Oztekin Turbine simulated as a approximately
potential portable 1.75 to 2 .
hydrokinetic system.
8. Ion BADEA1, Romania Design Presented and The computed performance
Marius 2014 Procedure and discussed for a curve was found to present
Gabriel Numerical small, 1kW turbine. a root mean square
COJOCARU , Analysis of a performance is then deviation of 23% from the
Mihai Victor Small analyzed by means ideal designed performance
PRICOP Horizontal Axis of CFD around the curve.
Hydrokinetic design point.
Turbine
9. Bárbara Brazil A Numerical .Approaches the Power coefficient results
Santana 2013 Analysis of study of the power showed coherent results,
Rios,Allan Power coefficient of a provided the maximum
Parente Coefficient geometry proposed value of Cp is the rotation
Vasconcelos Behavior for the turbine by of 20 rpm and velocity of
Henrique a Hydrokinetic CFD simulations. 2.5 m/s.
Neves Turbine Model
Guimarães
7
 Introduction to Hydrokinetic Energy

Waves
Ocean Currents

River Currents

 Hydrokinetic energy is the energy that can be captured from flowing

water that occurs in rivers or ocean currents.
 This includes ocean wave energy, tidal energy, river in-stream energy,
and ocean current energy.

8
 Concepts of Hydrokinetics
 Hydrostatic Energy (Conventional hydropower) is the potential energy
possessed by a body of water because of its position location at an
elevation or height above a reference or datum (‘head’).

Hydrostatic Energy = mgh

Where, m =mass of water

g = gravitational force
h = height

 Hydrokinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body of water because

of its motion.

1
Hydrokinetic Energy = mv 2
2
Where, m= mass of water
v= velocity of water flow
 Introduction to Hydrokinetic Turbines
 Hydrokinetic turbines which convert the
kinetic energy of rivers or tidal currents
into electrical power.
 They are easy to place in remote sites
with low power needs, and can be scaled
up in case demand increases.
 Tidal hydrokinetic turbines are typically
larger in size (>100kW) and river
hydrokinetic turbines are generally in the
range of 1kW to 10kW.
 Hydrokinetic axial flow turbines for
channel are generally in the range of
50W to 1kW.

Fig 1 . Typical examples of hydrokinetic axial flow turbine[3]

10
Fig 2.Comparison of Propeller Hydrokinetic Turbines with Other Hydraulic Turbines[2]

11
 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
High
Pelton head

Impulse
Turgo

Cross Flow

Hydraulic Turbines
Francis

Propeller
Type
Reaction
Waterwheel

Screw Type
Low
head
Hydrokinetic

Fig 3.Layout diagram for types of hydraulic turbine [6] 12

Continued;
Impulse Turbine
 In impulse turbine , only kinetic energy
is used to rotate the turbine.
 In this turbine, water flow through the
nozzle and strike the blades of
turbine.
 All pressure energy of water converted
into kinetic energy before striking the
vanes.
 The pressure of the water remains
unchanged and is equal to atmospheric
pressure during process.
 This turbine is most suitable for high
head and low flow rate.
Reaction Turbine
 In reaction turbine both kinetic and
pressure energy is used to rotate the
turbine.
 In this turbine water is guided by the
blades to flow over the turbine.
 There is no change in pressure energy of
water before striking.
 The pressure of water is reducing after
passing through vanes.
 This turbine is best suited for low head
and high flow rate.
13
Classifications of Hydrokinetic Turbine

Fig 4. Layout diagram for types of hydrokinetic turbine[3]

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 Axial Flow Hydrokinetic Turbines

(a) Inclined axis (b) Solid mooring

(c) Non-Submerged generator (d) Submerged generator

15
Fig 5. Sketch of axial flow hydrokinetic turbines[3]
 Cross Flow Hydrokinetic Turbines

(a) In-plane axis (b) SC Darrieus (c) Darrieus

(d) Gorlov (e) Savonius (f) H-Darrieus

Fig 6. Sketch of cross- flow hydrokinetic turbines [3] 16
Components of Hydrokinetic Axial Flow
Turbine

Generator

Blade

Hub Diffuser

Nacelle

Fig 7 . Hydrokinetic axial flow turbine with diffuser [ 6 ]

17
Continued;
 Blades: Stream passing over the blades causes the blades to lift and rotate. The

most rotor blades are constructed with airfoil for more efficiency.
 Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
Drive-train: The drive train consists of the rotating parts of the turbine which
includes a low speed shaft (on the rotor side), a gearbox, high speed
shaft (on the generator side) and support bearings
 Nacelle: Nacelle includes the turbine housing and main frame which provides for
the mounting and proper alignment of drive-train components. The
nacelle cover is hermetically sealed which protects the turbine
components from water.
 Generator: The generator transforms mechanical energy from the rotor to electrical

energy which is then passed on to the grid.

 Diffuser: A diffuser is provided around the hydrokinetic turbine to draw more

fluid through it and also increase the available pressure drop across
the turbine by recovering some of the velocity head downstream as 18
pressure head.
Working Principles of Hydrokinetic Axial
Flow Turbine

Generator Water Flow

Rotors

Rotor Shaft
Water Flow
Power Transmission

Generator

Fig 8. Outline of a hydrokinetic energy system[1]

Electricity
19
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrokinetic
Axial Flow Turbine

Advantages Disadvantages

 Easy self-starting  Require water sealed

 No need to build a dam components

 Corrosion
 Reduce environmental impacts
 Floating and submerged
 Less maintenance cost debris cause disruptive
drag force on turbines.

20
Hydrofoil Nomenclature

Fig 9. Schematic of Hydrofoil nomenclature

21
 Attack Angle

• The chord line connects the

leading edge and the trailing edge
of the hydrofoil.
• The angle required for lift is
called angle of attack (α).
• The angle of attack is measured
between the chord line and the
direction of the airflow. vw

• The amount of lift and drag that is

produced depends on the angle of
attack. Fig 10. Schematic of Attack Angle
• The CL/CD ratio is choosing a
large as possible in the optimal
the design of rotor.

22
 Solidity
 The turbine solidity is defined as the ratio of blade area to the
turbine swept area, i.e. the fraction of the area occupied by the
turbine blades.

cB

2r

Where B= number of blades,

c = chord length ,(m)
r = an arbitrary radial section along the blade span,(m)
 Reynolds Number
 Reynolds number is a vital dimensionless parameter in fluid
dynamic.
It is defined as

vrc
Re 

Where, v r = relative water current velocity , (m/s)

c = chord length ,(m)

 = kinematic viscosity of water,( m2

s )
 Selected Hydrofoils

NACA 0012 NACA 64-215

Table 1. Angle of Attack ( ) at Reynolds Number 140000 for NACA 0012 and NACA 64-
215
NACA 0012 NACA 64-215
Angle of Lift Drag Lift
Drag Coefficient
attack  Coefficient Coefficient (CL/CD)min Coefficient (CL/CD)min
CD
CL CD CL
3 0.4337 0.0126 34.4206 0.4748 0.0157 30.242
4 0.5271 0.0135 39.0444 0.5798 0.0161 36.0124
5 0.6102 0.0149 40.953 0.6784 0.0156 43.4872
6 0.6902 0.0168 41.0833 0.7632 0.0152 50.2105
7 0.7676 0.0192 39.9792 0.807 0.0172 46.9186
8 0.8438 0.0221 38.181 0.8344 0.0219 38.1005
9 0.9168 0.0263 34.8593 0.8661 0.0265 32.683
10 0.9851 0.0306 32.1928 0.9083 0.0316 28.7437
 Lift Force and Drag Force
• The effect of lift is to
generate a strong force
perpendicular to the
direction of the stream FL
flow.
• Drag forces always act in
the direction of the flow and FD
not perpendicular to it.
 The most efficient way to
extract energy from the
stream is to use lift forces Fig 11 . Lift and Drag Forces
rather than drag forces.

26
Continued;
 Lift force FL = ½ ρ AVω² CL

 Drag force FD = ½ ρAVω² CD

Where, FL = lift force on the blade, N

FD = drag force on the blade, N
CL = lift coefficient
CD = drag coefficient
M p = pitching moment , N- m
 = angle of attack

Fig 12. Forces on the blade

27
 Turbine Power and Efficiencies
• The power from the stream of 1
Pw  Av w 3 (W)
water 2

where
A  of water (kg/m3)
=density
=1000 kg/ m3 for fresh water
Vw A = rotor plane area (m2)
V w = stream velocity passes
through the plane of the
Rotor
turbine (m/s)

Shaft

Fig 13. Schematic of water flow through the rotor

28
Continued;
• Turbine extracted power Pt =PwCp

• Power output from gear box Pg = Ptηm

• Generator output power or electrical power Pe = Pgηg

where , = CpηmηgPw
Cp= power
 max Cp= 0.593 ( Betz limit )
coefficient Pe = Cpηmηg × 1 Av w 3
Cp=0.4~0.5 2
(for horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine) [6]

Pw Pt Pg Pe
Turbine Transmission Generator
Cp m g

Fig 14 . Power Transmission through Hydrokinetic Axial Flow Turbine 29

 Tip Speed Ratio
 Tip Speed Ratio (l) is the ratio of the speed of the blade, at its tip, to the speed of
the flowing water and is considered one of the important
parameter. It can be written as

U

v w

where,  = tip speed ratio

U = blade tip speed or rotor tip speed (m/s)
V w = the stream velocity in the direction of the turbine axis (m/s)

 Rotor tip speed

DN where, N= rotor speed (rpm)

U  v w  D= rotor diameter (m)
60
 Rotor tip angular velocity

U v w
  where, R= rotor tip radius (m)
R R
Table 2.The relation of Tip speed ratios (l)and Number of blades (B) [5]

 B
1 6-20
2 4-12
3 3-6
4 2-4
5-8 2-3
8-15 1-2
Fig 15 . The power coefficient for various types of turbines [5]
 Blade Element Theory

Fig 16. Schematic diagram of velocities at the Rotor Plane

Continued;
 r 
 The tangential tip speed at reference
radius ,
u (r )  v w
R 0 
dr  v w r
R
vw

tan  (r ) 
Stream angle U (r )
(1  a ) v w
tan ( r ) 
(1  a ' ) r

 Local blade angle ( r )  ( r )  

 Flow induction factors 1

a (r ) 
4 sin 2 ( r )
Where, 1
( r )C N ( r )
=angle of relative water current or stream angle
a= axial induction factor
1
a’=angular induction factor a ' (r ) 
4 sin ( r ) cos ( r )
vr= relative water current velocity 1
( r )C T ( r )
 = blade twist angle
= angle of attack
34
Continued;
 The axial induction factor, ‘a’ is
defined as the fractional decrease
in the water speed between the
free stream flow and the rotor
R
plane.
r dr
 The angular induction factor ‘a´’
is similarly defined as the
fractional increase in the angular (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
velocity due to the increased
angular velocity at the blades rh
from the conservation of
momentum. a and a´ are related
to the angle of relative water 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
flow f and its value is ideally 1/3
of the water velocity
 Blade-element theory is an Fig 17 . Elements of Blade Section
analysis of forces which assumes
that the blades can be divided
into many smaller elements
which act independently of
surrounding elements.

35
 Blade Element Momentum Theory
 In this method, the turbine blades
are divided into a number of
independent elements along the
length of the blade.
 At each section, a force balance
is applied involving 2D section
lift and drag with the thrust and
torque produced by the section. c
 At the same time, a balance of
axial and angular momentum is
applied.
 This produces a set of non-linear
equations which can be solved
numerically for each blade
section.

Fig 18 . The local forces on the blade

36
 Continued;
8r
• The blade chord length c( r )  1  cos (r )  (m)
BCL

c( r ) B
• The local solidity ( r ) 
2 r

1 2
• Lift force per unit length FL ( r )  c ( r ) v r C L (N/m)
2

1 2
• Drag force per unit length FD ( r )  c ( r ) v r C D (N/m)
2

• The forces normal to the rotor plane FN ( r )  FL ( r ) cos ( r )  FD ( r ) sin ( r )

• The forces tangential to the rotor plane FT ( r )  FL ( r ) sin ( r )  FD ( r ) cos ( r )

37
 Continued;
• Tangential coefficient C T ( r )  C L sin ( r )  C D cos ( r )

• Normal coefficient
C N ( r )  C L cos ( r )  C D sin ( r )

• The normal moment on control dM  BFN dr  BFL cos   FD sin  dr

volume , dr
 dM  BF cos   FD sin   dr
r
L
rh

M (r )  BFL (r ) cos (r )  FD (r ) sin (r ) (r  rh )

• The tangential torque on control dT  rBFT dr  BFL sin   FD cos  rdr

volume ,dr
r
 dT  BF L sin   FD cos   rdr
rh
1
T ( r )  BFL ( r ) sin ( r )  FD ( r ) cos ( r ) ( r 2  rh 2 )
2
38
 Continued;
• The power from each annulus

dP  dT  rBFT dr  BFL sin   FD cos  rdr

r
 dP  BFL sin   FD cos rrdr
h

1
P ( r )  BFL ( r ) sin ( r )  FD ( r ) cos ( r ) ( r 2  rh 2 ) (W)
2

• The total power

1
P ( R )  BFL ( R ) sin ( R )  FD ( R ) cos ( R ) ( R 2  rh 2 ) (W)
2

• The rotor power coefficient

P(R )
Cp 
Pw
39
Augmentation Channel of Hydrokinetic
Turbines

Fig 19 . Classifications of Augmentation Channel for Hydrokinetic Turbines[3]

40
 Diffuser Types
• The efficiency of hydrokinetic axial flow turbine depends on water current velocity
and water depth.
• Diffuser acts as a flow amplifying device to accelerate incoming flow velocity.
• There are mainly two main types of diffuser shapes as shown in Fig.
1. Rectilinear shape
– With inlet
– Without inlet
– Without inlet having flange or brim
– With inlet and flange or brim
2. Annular ring shape

Fig 20. Types of diffuser shapes. 41

 Calculations for Rotor Diameter

• Choose the generator power output , Pe = 200 W

•
• Choose the number of blades, B = 3

• Tip speed ratio  =6 (from table 2)

• Power coefficient =C 0.46

p (from figure 15)

• Assume Mechanical efficiency , m = 0.9 [5]

Generator efficiency,
c
 g = 0.8

• Water stream velocity , Vw =1.5m/s

42
Continued;
 Generator output power or electrical power,

1
Pe
= Cpηmηg × Av w 3
2
 Calculate the rotor diameter,
Pe
A
1
  w C p  m 
3

2
200

1
1000 1.53  0.46  0.9  0.8
2
A  0.3578m 2

D 2  0.3578
4
D  0.6749m  2.2142ft
R  0.3775m  1.1071ft 43
 (a) (b)
Fig 21. Hydrokinetic axial flow turbine (Output: 500W~ 2kW)
Thar Hla Aye Village, Amarapura Township,Mandalay.
44
Fig 22. Hydrokinetic Axial flow turbine with Convergent Divergent Water Tunnel 45
 Conclusion

• Introduction of hydrokinetic energy is presented.

• Types of hydrokinetic turbine and working principle are
illustrated with figures.
• Components of hydrokinetic turbine are presented.
• Advantages and disadvantages of hydrokinetic axial flow
turbine are described.
• Blade design parameters and hydrofoils nomenclature are
described with figures.
• Blade element theory and diffuser types are presented.

46
 References
[1] Anyi, M. and Kirke, B., Evaluation of small axial flow hydrokinetic turbines for
remote communities. Energy for Sustainable Development, 14(2), pp. 110–116,
2010.
[2] Vermaak, H.J., Kusakana, K. and Koko, S.P., Status of micro-hydrokinetic river
technology in rural applications: A review of literature. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29(0),pp. 625–633, 2014.
[3] Khan, M., Bhuyan, G., Iqbal, M. and Quaicoe, J., Hydrokinetic energy conversion
systems and assessment of horizontal and vertical axis turbines for river and tidal
applications: A technology status review. Applied Energy,86(10), pp. 1823–1835
[4] Hydrokinetic turbine blades: Design and local construction techniques for remote
communities. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(3), pp. 223–230, 2011.
Special issue on off-grid electrification in developing countries.
[5] Munoz, A., Chiang, L. and la Jara, E.D., A design tool and fabrication guidelines
for small low cost horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines. Energy for Sustainable
Development, 22(0), pp. 21–33, 2014. Wind Power Special Issue.
[6] Y. Ventikos, and F. Sotiropoulios. 1997. “Development of environmentally advanced
hydropower turbine system concepts”, Voith Hydro, Inc. Report No.: 2677- 0141.
[7] Clarissa Belloni,2013 “ Hydrodynamics of Ducted and Open-Centre Tidal Turbines ”, Balliol
College University of Oxford .

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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