ME-305

Heat Transfer
(3-1)

Instructor: Dr. Tariq Amin Khan

 Text And Material
•Text Book:
•“Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications” by Yunus
A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar (6th Edition), 2020MCGraw–Hill
•Reference Books:
1. “A heat transfer textbook” 4th edition by John H. Lienhard 2016,
Dover Publishers
2. “Heat Transfer” by Holman 10th Edition 2010, McGraw Hill
3. “Principles of Heat Transfer” by Frank Kreith (7 th Edition) 2011, CL
Engineering.
4. “Introduction to Heat Transfer” by F P Incropera & D P DeWitt
(6th Edition) 2011, Wiley Publisher
5. Yunus A. Cengel / Robert H. Turner. “Fundamentals of Thermal Fluid
Sciences” (5th ed), McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
6. Frank Keith, Raj M. Manglik, 2017. “Principles of Heat Transfer” (8th
ed.). Cengage.
Tentative Grading Policy

Theory Part (70-80%) Lab Part (20-30%)

Quizzes (9) 10%-15% Lab Work and Report (16) 70-80%
Assignments (6) 5%-10% Lab ESE & Viva 20-30%
OHTs (3) 30%-40% Note: -
 Lab work will include reports and
ESE (1) 40%-50% assignments related to lab work
 One OEL included
 Course Contents
This course covers the basic principles of heat transfer and their
application in the field of engineering.
• Three basic methods of heat transfer are discussed,
with main emphasis on conduction and convection.
• Free and forced convection with both internal and
external flows.
• Working principle of heat exchangers.
ME-305 Heat Transfer

Introduction to Modes of Heat

Transfer
(Lecture # 01-03)

Text: CHAPTER 1
Ref 4: CHAPTER 1
Instructor: Dr. Tariq Amin Khan
Learning Objectives
• Introduction To Heat Transfer
• Modes of Heat Transfer
• Conduction
Introduction
• The science of thermodynamics deals with the amount
of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from
one equilibrium state to another, and it makes no
reference to how long the process will take.
• In engineering, we are often interested in the rate of
heat transfer, which is the topic of the science of heat
transfer.
• The subject dealing with the rate at which heat flow
process occurs is called heat transfer.
Application of Heat Transfer
Application of Heat Transfer
• The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be
considered in two groups:
(1) rating and
(2) sizing problems.
• The rating problems deal with the determination of the heat
transfer rate for an existing system at a specified temperature
difference.
• The sizing problems deal with the determination of the size
of a system in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a
specified temperature difference.
Forms of Energy
• Internal Energy - The sum of all microscopic forms of energy
• Sensible Energy - The portion of the internal energy of a system
associated with the kinetic energy of the molecules
• Latent Energy - The internal energy associated with the phase of
a system
• Chemical Energy - The internal energy associated with the
atomic bonds in a molecule
• Nuclear Energy - the internal energy associated with the bonds
within the nucleus of the atom itself
• Enthalpy - In the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow,
combination of internal energy and flow work is added for
convenience (u + pv)
• Total Energy – Sum of thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential,
electrical, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear
Modes of Heat Transfer

Three modes of heat transfer:

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
 Conduction
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from more energetic to
less energetic particles due to interaction between the
particles.
Eg. Spoon suddenly immersed in a cup of hot tea eventually
warm due to conduction.
• In a solid, conduction may be attributed to atomic activity in
the form of lattice vibrations/lattice waves.
 Conduction

• Electrical non-conductor Energy transfer

exclusively due to lattice vibrations

• Electrical conductor Along with lattice vibrations,

energy transfer also occurs due to the

translational motion of free electrons.

Conduction
• Conduction can occur in solid, liquid and gas.
• Conduction in the case of liquid or gas can be illustrated by
Figure 1.2 in which there is no bulk or macroscopic motion.
• Heat transfer occurs due to collision of molecules and random
motion of molecules (diffusion).

Fig 1.2 Association of conduction heat transfer with

diffusion of energy due to molecular
activity.
Modes of Heat Transfer

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Convection
• Convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two
mechanisms. i.e., random molecular motion (diffusion) and
bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid (advection).
• Such combine motion in the presence of temperature
gradient, contributes to heat transfer.
• Special interest in convection heat
transfer is between a fluid in motion and
a bounding surface when the two are at
different temperatures.
Convection
• Consider fluid flow over the heated surface of Fig 1.4. A
consequence of the fluid–surface interaction is the
development of hydrodynamic, or velocity boundary layer.
• Moreover, thermal boundary develops if the surface and flow
temperatures varies from Ts at y=0 to T∞ in the outer flow.

Fig 1.4 Boundary layer

development in convection
Convection
• Diffusion dominates near the boundary.
• Advection dominates in the outer region.
 Types of Convection
1. Forced convection when the flow is caused by external means,
such as by a fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds.

2. Free (or natural) induced by buoyancy forces,

convection combine forced and natural convection
3. Mixed convection

Fig 1.5 Convection heat transfer processes.

(a) Forced convection (b)
Natural convection.
Types of Convection
• There are convection processes where latent heat exchange
occurs. This latent heat exchange is generally associated with a
phase change between the liquid and vapor states of the fluid.
• Two special cases of interest are boiling and condensation as
shown in Figures 1.5c and 1.5d, respectively.

Fig 1.5 Convection heat transfer

processes. (c) Boiling. (d) Condensation.
Convection Heat Transfer
• Regardless of the particular nature of the convection heat
transfer process, the appropriate rate equation is called
Newton’s law of cooling given below;

q = hAs(Ts - T∞)

q is the convective heat transfer rate (Watt), h

(W/m2.K) is termed the convection heat transfer
coefficient.
Convection Heat Transfer
h depends on conditions in the boundary layer, which are
influenced by surface geometry, the nature of the fluid
motion, and combination of fluid thermodynamic and
transport properties.
Modes of Heat Transfer

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Radiation

Radiation
Radiation
• Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter (solid, liquid
or gas) that is at a nonzero temperature.
• The emission may be attributed to changes in the electron
configurations of the constituent atoms or molecules.
• The energy of the radiation field is transported by
electromagnetic waves (or alternatively, photons).
• Radiation does not require medium.
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conclusion
• Conduction heat transfer is due to molecular interaction.
• Convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two
mechanisms. i.e., random molecular motion (diffusion) and
bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid (advection).
• There are convection processes for which there is, in
addition, latent heat exchange.
• The convection heat transfer process is described by
Newton’s law of cooling.
• Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter (solid, liquid
or gas) that is at a nonzero temperature.