Chapter 01 - Introduction

Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Chapter One
Introduction
Topics
 History
 Objective of the course
 Types of lines
 Drawing tools
 Lettering
2
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMiE
History
 Historically drawing is started by the caveman. He uses for

communication to lead his day to day life.
3
History
 As human needs increase continuously, there is

revolutionary change.
 Industrial revolution is one of the milestones for the
development of drawing.
4
History
 From time to time several rules and principles are developed

to utilize drawing as efficient as possible.
5
V-block in words
The v-block is to be made of cast iron and machined

on all surfaces. The overall sizes are two and one-half
inches high, three inches wide, and six inches long. A v-
shaped cut having an included angle of 90° is to be
made through the entire length of the block. The cut is
to be made with the block resting on the three inch by
six inch surface. The v-cut is to begin one-quarter inch
from the outside edges. At the bottom of the v-cut
there is to be a relief slot one-eighth inch wide by one-
eighth inch deep.
How do you understand it?
6
V-block in drawing
7
Graphic language
1. Try to write a description of

this object.
2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
You can easily understand that …
The word languages are inadequate for describing the

size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
8
Graphic language
 Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to

represent the surfaces, edges and contours of objects.
 The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.
 A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or

computer methods.
9
Graphic language
Freehand drawing:
 The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and
erasers.
 Try to practice….
10
Graphic language
Instrument drawing:
 Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely
and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale.
1
1
Graphic language
Computer drawing:
 The drawings are usually made by commercial software such as AutoCAD,
CATIA, Solid Works etc.
12
Types of drawing
Detail drawing:
 Drawings of single parts

 May be drawn one part per sheet
 May be several parts detailed on a large
sheet
 Include info such as dimensions and
notes relating to material, finish, weight,
or tolerance
 includes all of the information needed
to fabricate the part.
13
Types of drawing
Assembly drawing:
 Show how parts fit together or are

functionally related.
 Dimensions typically refer to relationships
among the parts.
 Often a bill of materials (listing of all parts
necessary to make up the total assembly) is
included.
 An assembly drawing is handy for a
technician servicing an aircraft or aircraft
component.
 By studying an assembly drawing and
keeping it handy as the part is repaired,
you can be sure that all pails are installed in
their proper place.
14
Types of drawing
Exploded pictorial drawing:
 Represent several parts assembled

according to the axes of their
assembly.
 Parts are not shown assembled but are
moved apart along the principal axes of
the product.
 Typically not dimensioned.
 Helpful for assembly purposed on the
production line.
 shows all of the components spread
out, or exploded. so one can see what
each part looks like.
 frequently used in illustrated parts
manual and service bulletins.
15
Types of drawing
Schematic diagram:
 It is a representation of the elements

of a graphic symbols rather than
realistic pictures.
 Schematic drawing are of great help
when troubleshooting a system.
16
Types of drawing
Installation drawing:
 Required when an assembly or group of

assemblies is installed, for example, in an
airplane.
 An installation drawing shows the location
of the parts and assemblies, for example, in
the completed aircraft and identifies all of
the detail parts used in the installation.
 Required when an assembly or group of
assemblies is installed in an airplane.
 An installation drawing shows the location
of the parts and assemblies the completed
aircraft and identifies all of the detail parts
used in the installation.
17
Graphic language
Elements of Engineering drawing:

 Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language and word
language.
Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
18
Graphic language
Basic knowledge for drafting
Graphics Word
language language
Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering
19
Drawing standards
 Standards are set of rules that govern how technical drawings are
represented.
 Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey the same meaning
to everyone who reads them.
 Standard codes:
20
Drawing Sheet
 Standard sheet size (JIS) A4
 A4 - 210 x 297 (mm) A3

 A3 - 297 x 420 (mm)
 A2 - 420 x 594 (mm)
 A1 - 594 x 841 (mm) A2
 A0 - 841 x 1189 (mm)
A1
For this course:
 Use A4, unless will
specify
A0
21
Drawing Sheet
US CUSTOMARY SERIES ISO STANDARD
Size First series Second series Size Third series
A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189
B 11 x 17 12 x 18 A1 594 x 841
C 17 x 22 18 x 24 A2 420 x 594
D 22 x 34 24 x 36 A3 297 x 420
E 34 x 44 36 x 48 A4 210 x 297
22
Drawing Sheet - Orientation
Type X (A0~A4) Type Y (A4 only)
c
d
d c Drawing
Drawing space
Border space Title block
lines Title block
c
Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25 For this course:
A3 10 25  c = 5mm
 d = 15mm
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
23
Drawing Scale
 Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension (length and size)of an element of an object
shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the
object.
 Designation of a scale consists of the word “Scale” followed by the indication of its
ratio, as follow.
 Scale 1:1 for full size

 Scale X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
 Scale 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
 Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true size” of the
object and they are independent of the scale used in creating that drawing.
24
Drawing Scale
Size in drawing Actual size
25
Basic types of lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION

Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)
Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy
Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Continuous thin line Long break lines.
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash lines Invisible edges, hidden lines.
Long chain thin line Locus lines, center lines, path of motion
Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines
26
Line conventions:
27
Line conventions:
28
Drawing tools
29
Drawing tools
Triangles
Adhesive Tape
T-Square
Pencils
2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line
30
Drawing tools
Drawing Pencils
• H (medium hard)
• 6B(softest and blackest) • 2H (hard)
• 5B(extremely soft) • 3H (hard, plus)
• 4B extra soft) • 4H (very hard)
• 3B (very soft) • 5H (extra hard)
• 2B (soft, plus) • 6H (extra hard, plus)
• B (soft) • 7H (extremely hard)
• HB (medium soft) • 8H (extremely hard,
• F (intermediate, between plus)
soft and hard) • 9H (Hardest)
4H for thin line 2H or HB for thick line

31
Drawing tools
Sandpaper Compass Pencil Eraser Erasing Shield
32
Drawing tools
Circle Template
Tissue paper
Sharpener
33
Borders and title blocks
• Borders
• Provides a safety area to prevent the loss of important information.
• Approve appearance for presentation purposes
• Title Blocks
• Some items standard: drawing number, sheet number, title, company
name, logo, scale, date, tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor.
• Drawings should be:

• Complete and unambiguous
• Should be neat and easy to read
• Use only as many views as necessary to show all required detail
• Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight tolerances can add a great
deal of additional cost with little or not added value to the part
34
Borders and title blocks
Dimension & Notes
Text placement
on drawings
Notes Title Block

35
Lettering
 Text on engineering drawing is used:
 To communicate nongraphic information.
 As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text

can communicate the needed information more clearly and quickly.
 It must be written with

 Legibility - shape and space between letters and words.
 Uniformity – size and line thickness.
36
Lettering standard
ANSI Standard For this course
 Style:  Use a Gothic text  Use only a vertical Gothic

style, either inclined text style.
or vertical.
 Letter case:  Use all capital  Use both capital and lower-
letters. case letters.
 Text height:  Use 3 mm for most  Same. For letters in title

text height. block it is recommend to
use 4~8 mm text height.
 Spacing:  Space between  Follows ANSI rule.

lines of text is at
least 1/3 of text
height.
37
Basic strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved
Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1
3 6
3
2
38
Upper case and numbers
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
39
Lower-case letters
40
Upper Case, Lower Case Numbers and Symbols
41
Stroke sequence
I L T F
E H
42
Stroke sequence
V X W
43
Stroke sequence
N M K Z
Y A 4
44
Stroke sequence
O Q C G
45
Stroke sequence
D U P B
R J 1 2
46
Stroke sequence
5 7
47
Stroke sequence
S 0 3 6
8 9
48
Stroke sequence
l i
49
Stroke sequence
v w x k
50
Stroke sequence
j y f t
51
Stroke sequence
c o a b
d p q e
52
Stroke sequence
g n m h
u s
53
Word composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

A) Non-uniform spacing
JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing
J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ? 54
Word composition
Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \ / \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
55
Spacing between letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant
2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve
56
Spacing between letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant
7. The letter “L” and “T”
≡ slant slant
slant
≡ straight
57
Good and poor lettering - Example
GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.

58
Sentence composition
 Leave the space between words equal to the space requires

for writing a letter “O”.
Example
ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
59
Approximation Dimensions of Lettering
60
Guide Lines of Lower-Case Letters
 The text’ s body height of lower-case letter

is about 2/3 of the height of a capital
letter.
 Space between Guide lines of Letters are
usually from 3/5 to Total height of letters.
61

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Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

 Objective of the course

 Historically drawing is started by the caveman. He uses for

 As human needs increase continuously, there is

 From time to time several rules and principles are developed

The v-block is to be made of cast iron and machined

How do you understand it?

1. Try to write a description of

2. Test your written description

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the

 Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines to

 The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting”.

 A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments or

 Drawings of single parts

 Show how parts fit together or are

Exploded pictorial drawing:

 Represent several parts assembled

 It is a representation of the elements

 Required when an assembly or group of

Elements of Engineering drawing:

Basic knowledge for drafting

Line Projection Geometric

 Standard sheet size (JIS) A4

 A4 - 210 x 297 (mm) A3

US CUSTOMARY SERIES ISO STANDARD

Size First series Second series Size Third series

A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189

Type X (A0~A4) Type Y (A4 only)

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

 Scale 1:1 for full size

Size in drawing Actual size

TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line 2H or HB for thick line

Sandpaper Compass Pencil Eraser Erasing Shield

• Drawings should be:

Notes Title Block

 Text on engineering drawing is used:

 To communicate nongraphic information.

 As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text

 It must be written with

ANSI Standard For this course

 Style:  Use a Gothic text  Use only a vertical Gothic

 Text height:  Use 3 mm for most  Same. For letters in title

 Spacing:  Space between  Follows ANSI rule.

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

7. The letter “L” and “T”

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Leave the space between words equal to the space requires

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN

Approximation Dimensions of Lettering