Osmotic drug

delivery system
 Introduction
Advantages
CONTENTS
Basic components of
osmotic pumps
ALZET osmotic
pump
INTRODUCTION
Osmosis: it is the process of moment of solvent
from lower concentration to higher concentration
of solute across semi-permeable membrane

Osmotic pressure:
The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a
semi-permeable membrane separating solutions with
different concentration of solutes.
Advantages
 They provide zero-order delivery rate.
 They provide delayed drug delivery.
 The delivery rate is greater than that attained
by diffusion -based system
 They can be incorporated with drugs having
varying solubility.

 Their drug delivery rate is independent of

pH variations in the environment,
including in the GIT.
Basic components of osmotic drug
delivery systems
1.Drug: Osmotic pump systems can be incorporated with water-
soluble as well as water-insoluble drugs. The drugs
incorporated in the osmotically controlled drug delivery
systems should have short biological half-lives of upto 2 -6
hours, high potency, and should be required for chronic
treatment. Some ideal drug candidates to be used for the
formulation and evaluation of osmotic pump drug delivery
systems
e.g.,Nifedipine, Verapamil, Metoprolol,
2.Osmotic agents
 Water-soluble salts of inorganic acids :
Magnesiumchloride or sulphate, chloride and sulphate
salts of lithium, sodium or potassium hydrogen
phosphate
 Carbohydrates: xylose, ribose, glucose,
fructose.
 Water-soluble aminoacids :
Glycine,leucine,alanine,and methionine.
3.Semi-PermeableMembrane:This plays an important
role in the modulation of drug release from the osmotic
drug delivery system. The membrane should be stable
to the outer and the inner environment of the device. It
should be rigid, inert, and should maintain its
dimensional integrity so that a constant osmotic driving
force can be provided during drug delivery. This
membrane should be selectively permeable to avoid the
loss of osmogen by diffusion across the membrane
during the passage of drugs and other ingredients
present in the compartment.
4.Plasticisers:These are used in the coating
membrane of osmotic drug delivery system. They
change the visco-elastic behaviour of the polymers,
thus affect the permeability of the polymeric
films.The changes in visco –elastic behaviour of the
polymers can be controlled by using plasticisers of
different types and in different amounts.
Polyethylene glycols, ethylene glycol monoacetate,
ethylene glycol diacetate for lowpermeability,
triethyl citrate and diethyl tartrate or diacetin are
the examples of some commonly used plasticisers.
5.WickingAgents:These agents have the ability to draw water into
the porous network of a delivery device. They are either swellable
or non-swellable in nature. They can undergo physisorption with
water(a type of absorption in which the solvent molecules loosely
adhere to surfaces of the wicking agent via Van der Waals forces
between the surface of wicking agent and the adsorbedmolecule).
The wicking agents carry water to surfaces in the tablet core, and
thus create channels or a network of increased surface area.
Colloidal silicondioxide, kaolin, titaniumdioxide, alumina,
niacinamide, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate(SLS),low molecular weight
Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone(PVP), m -pyrol, bentonite, magnesium
aluminium silicate, polyester,and polyethylene are the examples of
some commonly used wicking agents.
5.Pore-FormingAgents:These agents are used in the osmotic
pumps for poorly water-soluble drugs and in the development of
controlled porosity or multiparticulate osmotic pumps .A
microporous membrane insitu is formed by the leaching of a pore-
former during the operation of the system. The pore-formers can
be inorganic or organic and solid or liquid in nature.
Alkaline metal salts, such as sodium chloride, sodium bromide,
potassium chloride, potassium sulphate, potassium phosphate, etc.
alkaline earth metals, such as calcium chloride and calcium nitrate
carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannose, lactose,
sorbitol, mannitol, and diols, polyols, such as polyhydric alcohols
and polyvinyl pyrrolidone are the examples of some commonly
used pore-forming agents.
6.Coating Solvents: Solvents are used for making
polymeric solution that is used for manufacturing
the wall of osmotic device. Inert inorganic and
organic solvents that donot adversely affect the core,
wall and other materials are typically used.
Methylene chloride, acetone, methanol, ethanol,
isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethylacetate,
cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, water, etc. are the
examples of some commonly used solvents.
 ALZET Osmotic Pumps
•ALZET osmotic pumps are miniature, implantable pumps used for research
in mice, rats, etc.
•These infusion pumps can continuously deliver drugs, hormones, and other
test agents at controlled rates from one day to six weeks without requiring
external connections or frequent handling that eliminates the need for
repeated night time or weekend dosing.
•ALZET pumps are implanted subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, and can
be used for systemic administration for targeted drug delivery.
•They can be attached to a catheter for localisation of the drug effect and
for intravenous, intracerebral, or intra-arterial infusion to deliver different
compounds, like antibodies, chemotherapeutic drugs, cytokines, growth
factors, hormones, and peptides.
ALZET pumps operate by osmotic
displacement. An empty reservoir present in
the core of the pump is filled with the drug or
hormone solution to be delivered. This
reservoir is separated via semi -permeable
membrane from the chamber containing salt.
The chamber surrounding the reservoir
consists of a high concentration of salt due to
which water enters the pump through the semi
-permeable membrane. Entry of water
increases the volume in the salt chamber, thus
compressing the flexible reservoir and
delivering the drug solution into the animal
through the exit port.
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