THE 19TH CENTURY

PHILIPPINES AS
RIZAL’S CONTEXT
- JBA
Reminisce a part of your past where
you think you have learned something
and which is still beneficial to your
present life.

How do you think this experience in the

past mold you into someone you are
now?
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Peninsulares - a Spaniard born in Spain.

Insulares - Full blood Spaniards born in the Philippines.
Creoles – They are the Mix blood or Combination of
Spaniards and Filipino
Mestizos – they are mixed indigenous Filipinos.
Mestizos are also called in different types:
Mestizo de Sangley – person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry.
Mestizo de Español - person of mixed Spanish and Filipino ancestry.
Tornatras - person of mixed Spanish, Chinese, and Filipino ancestry.
Illustrados – They were the middle class who were educated in
Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European Nationalists
ideas.
Indios - defined as the native indigenous peoples in all the Spanish
America and Asia possessions.
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
RESIDENCIA – A special judicial court that investigates the
performance of a GovernorGeneral who was about to be replaced
VISITA – The Council of the Indies in Spain
VISITADOR GENERAL - government official sent by the Visita to
observe conditions in the colony
ALCALDIAS – provincial governments
ALCALDE MAYOR – Civil governors that led the alcaldias and govern
the provinces.
AYUNTAMIENTO – The larger towns that became cities - the center
of trade and industry
CABILDO – City council within the Ayuntamiento that is
led by two alcaldes en ordinario (Mayor and Vice
Mayor).
CORREGIMIENTO – council that is led by the
Corregidor.
CORREGIDOR - govern the local cities that were not yet
entirely under Spanish control.
GOBERNADORCILLOS – the little governor who governs
the towns or Pueblos.
Lieutenants aided the Gobernadorcillos:
 The Teniente Mayor (Chief Lieutenant)
 The Teniente de Policia (Police Lieutenant)
 The Teniente de Sementeras (Lieutenant of the fields)
 The teniente de Ganados (Lieutenant of the livestock)
BARANGAY OR BARRIO - The smallest unit of government
CABEZA DE BARANGAY – the person who control the Barangay or
Barrio.
ALFEREZ - second lieutenant, usually a Spaniard, head of the corps
of Guardia civil in each town.
 Education System
Friars - occupied a dominant position in the Philippines education
system for religion was the main subjects in the schools.
Serious Criticisms against the Education system :
1. Overemphasis on religious 5. Absence of teaching materials
matters
2. Obsolete teaching methods 6. Primary education was
neglected
3. Limited curriculum 7. Absence of academic freedom
4. Poor classroom facilities 8. Prejudice against Filipinos in
the schools of higher learning
Educational Decree of 1863 - a milestone in the
history of education in the Philippines under the
Spain. For the first time, provisions were made for
the establishment of teacher training schools and for
government supervisions of the public school system.
 Economic Context

Factors Contributed to the Development of Filipino

Nationalism:

 Opening of the Philippines to International Trade and the

Rise of the Middle Class
 Influx of European Liberalism
 Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869
 Spanish Revolution of 1868 and the Liberal Regime
of Carlos Maria Dela Torre(1869-1871)
 Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), the Cavite Mutiny
of 1872 and the Execution of GomBurZa (February
17, 1872)