Department of Electrical Engineering

EE0205-19 Rangkaian Listrik I

Teorema Norton dan Thevenin

Lecturer
Ir. Feri Adriyanto, Ph.D., IPU, ASEAN Eng

Department of Electrical Engineering

Sebelas Maret University

EE0205-19 Rangkaian Listrik I

 Thevenin’s Theorem
When we are interested in current and voltage across RL, we can
simplify other parts in the circuit.

6Ω 4Ω

42V RL 10V

Equivalent circuit
RTH

VTH RL
 6Ω 4Ω

42V RL 10V I

ISC
1
Slope = 
Rth
RL
RTH change
value
VTH RL V

VOC

Voc = Voltage open-circuit

Isc = Current short-circuit
Rth = Rth equivalent
 Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

RTH
Thevenin’s
equivalent RL
VTH
circuit

VTH = Voc (by removing RL and find the voltage difference

between 2 pins)

RTH (by looking into the opened connections that we remove RL,
see how much resistance from the connections. If we see a voltage
source, we short circuit. If we see a current source, we open
 Why do we need
equivalent circuit?

• To analyze a circuit with several values of RL

• For circuit simplification (source transformation)

• To find RL that gives maximum power (maximum

power transfer theorem)
 Procedure
1. Remove RL from the circuit

2. Find voltage difference of the 2 opened

connections. Let it equal VTH.

3. From step 2 find RTH by

3.1 short-circuit voltage sources
3.2 open-circuit current sources
3.3 Look into the 2 opened connections. Find
equivalent resistance.
 Example
Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
and find the current that passes through RL when RL = 1Ω

2Ω 10Ω

10V 3Ω RL

2Ω
Find VTH
10V 6V 6V
2Ω 10Ω

10V 3Ω

2Ω

0V 0V 0V

3
VTH   10  6V
23
Find RTH

2Ω 10Ω

10V 3Ω

2Ω

RTH  10  2 || 3  2
Short voltage source 23
 10  2
23
2Ω 10Ω  13.2
3Ω
RTH
2Ω
 Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

13.2Ω

6V RL

6
If RL = 1Ω, the current is  0.423 A
13.2  1
 Example
Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

2Ω 10Ω

1A 3Ω RL

2Ω
Find VTH
5V 3V 3V

2Ω 10Ω

1A 3Ω

2Ω

0V 0V 0V

VTH  1 3  3V
Find RTH

2Ω 10Ω

1A 3Ω

2Ω

Open circuit RTH  10  3  2

current source
 15
2Ω 10Ω

3Ω
RTH
2Ω
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

15Ω

3V RL
Example: Bridge circuit
Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

R1=2K R3=4K

RL=1K
10V
+ -

R2=8K R4=1K
Find VTH 10V

R1=2K R3=4K

10V 8V 2V

R2=8K R4=1K

0V

VTH = 8-2 = 6V
Find RTH

R1=2K R3=4K

RTH

R2=8K R4=1K

R1=2K R3=4K R1=2K R3=4K

R2=8K R4=1K R2=8K R4=1K

 R1=2K R3=4K

R2=8K R4=1K

RTH  2 K || 8 K  4 K || 1K
 1.6 K  0.8 K  2.4 K
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

2.4K

6V RL
Norton’s Theorem
 I

ISC

V
VOC

For any point in linear circuit

Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

RTH

VTH RL
 Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

IN RN RL

In= Isc from replacing RL with an electric wire (resistance = 0) and find
the current
Rn = RTH (by looking into the opened connections that we remove RL,
see how much resistance from the connections. If we see a voltage source,
we short circuit. If we see a current source, we open circuit.)
 Example
Find Norton’s equivalent circuit
and find the current that passes through RL when RL = 1Ω

2Ω 10Ω

10V 3Ω RL

2Ω
Find In

2Ω 10Ω

10V 3Ω Isc

2Ω

3 12
Find R total 2  3 || (10  2)  2   4.4
3  12
V 10
Find I total I   2.27 A
R 4 .4
3
Current divider I SC   2.27  0.45 A
3  12
Find Rn

2Ω 10Ω

10V 3Ω

2Ω

RTH  10  2 || 3  2
Short voltage source 23
 10  2
23
2Ω 10Ω  13.2
3Ω
RTH
2Ω
 Norton’s equivalent circuit

0.45 13.2 RL

13.2
If RL = 1Ω, the current is  0.45  0.418 A
13.2  1
 Relationship Between
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Circuit
RTH  RN
VTH  I N  RTH
I

ISC

Slope = - 1/Rth

V
VOC
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit Norton’s equivalent circuit

13.2

6V RL 0.45 13.2 RL

Same R value

RTH  RN
VTH  I N  RTH 6  0.45 13.2
 Example
Find Norton’s equivalent circuit

2Ω 10Ω

1A 3Ω RL

2Ω
Find In

2Ω 10Ω

1A 3Ω Isc

2Ω

3
Current divider I SC   1  0. 2 A
3  12
Find RTH

2Ω 10Ω

1A 3Ω

2Ω

Open circuit RTH  10  3  2

current source
 15
2Ω 10Ω

3Ω
RTH
2Ω
 Norton’s equivalent circuit

0.2 15 RL
 Norton’s equivalent circuit Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

15
0.2 15 RL
3V RL

0.2 x 15 = 3
 Equivalent Circuits with
Dependent Sources
We cannot find Rth in circuits with dependent sources using
the total resistance method.

VOC
But we can use RTH 
I SC
 Example
250 2K

80 +
+
1V 4K Vx RL
- - -
+ 100Vx

Find Thevenin and Norton’s equivalent circuit

 250 2K
Find Voc

80 +
+
1V I1 4K Vx I2
- -
+ 100Vx -

KVL  1  250 I1  4000( I1  I 2)  0

loop1
4250 I1  4000 I 2  1

KVL 4000( I 2  I1)  2000 I 2  80 I 2  100Vx  0

loop2
Vx  4000( I1  I 2)

 404000I1  406080I 2  0
 250 2K

80 +
+
1V I1 4K Vx I2
- -
+ 100Vx -

Solve equations

I1 = 3.697mA I2 = 3.678mA

VOC  80 I 2  100Vx  80 I 2  400000( I1  I 2)

 80(3.678mA)  400000(3.697  3.678)
 7.3V
 250 2K
Find Isc

80
+
1V I1 4K Vx I2 I3 Isc
- -
+ 100Vx

KVL  1  250 I1  4000( I1  I 2)  0

loop1
4250 I1  4000 I 2  1
KVL 4000( I 2  I1)  2000 I 2  80( I 2  I 3)  100Vx  0
loop2
Vx  4000( I1  I 2)
 404000 I1  406080 I 2  80 I 3  0

KVL 80( I 3  I 2)  100Vx  0

loop3
400000I1  400080I 2  80 I 3  0
 250 2K
Find Isc

80
+
1V I1 4K Vx I2 I3 Isc
- -
+ 100Vx

I1 = 0.632mA
I2 = 0.421mA
I3 = -1.052 A

Isc = I3 = -1.052 A
 VOC  7.28
RTH    6.94
I SC  1.052

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit Norton’s equivalent circuit

6.94

-7.28V RL -1.052 6.94 RL

Resistansi setara berdasarkan inspeksi
Kadang2 kita hanya perlu mencari RT atau RN saja, tetapi
VT dan IN tdk diperlukan.
Caranya :
menghubung-singkatkan semua sumber teg dan
merangkai-terbukakan semua sumber arus sehingga yg
tersisa rangk resistif. Maka RT dan RN adalah sama dg
resistansi setara dilihat dari terminal2.
Contohnya lihat rangk berikut :
Hubung-singkatkan sumber teg dan buka sumber arus
dari gbr a, maka diperoleh gbr b.

Resistansi setara gbr b adalah : 1+1/(1+1) = 1½ Ω.

Jadi RT = RN = 1½ Ω.
Bila diinginkan juga menghitung IN dan VT, maka kita lihat
bentuk rangk hampir sama spt contoh terdahulu hanya
ditambahkan sumber arus 3 A.
Pd contoh tsb kita dptkan iS/C = 2/3 A.
Dg memperhitungkan arah arus yg berlawanan, maka iS/C
= 2/3 – 3 = -7/3 A.
Jadi IN = iS/C = -7/3 A.
VT = RNIN = 1,5x(-7/3) = -3,5 A
Jadi rangk setara Thevenin dan Nortonnya :
Contoh : Diberikan rangk spt pd gbr berikut
Carilah arus pd R5 !
Cari rangk-terbuka
melintasi A & B dg
menyingkirkan R5.
vO/S = V{R4/(R1+R4)-
R3/(R2+R3) = VT.
Resistansi setara RT :
(R1//R4)+(R2//R3) =
(G1+G2+G3+G4)/
{(G1+G4)(G2+G3)}
Rangk setara diperlihatkan pd gbr berikut :

Jadi arus pd R5 = VT/(RT+R5)