Department of Avionics Engineering

Introduction to
Antenna Design in
CST

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Introduction

Explore Historical Events Gain insights of the Go through overall System Uncover Hardware &
leading to development of techniques being used for Requirements. Design Essentials.
Antenna Pressure Regulation.

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Introduction

Explore Historical Events Gain insights of the Go through overall System Uncover Hardware &
leading to development of techniques in Antenna Requirements. Design Essentials.
Antenna Design.

June 22, 2024 Department of Avionics Engineering 3

Introduction

Explore Historical Events Gain insights of the Go through basic Theory Uncover Hardware &
leading to development of techniques in Antenna of Antenna. Design Essentials.
Antenna Design.

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Introduction

Explore Historical Events Gain insights of the Go through basic Theory Uncover Simulation
leading to development of techniques in Antenna of Antenna. Essentials.
Antenna Design.

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 Contents

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Contents

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Contents

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Contents

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Contents

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Contents

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Contents

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Contents

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Background
Historical Events

• Around 2600 years ago

Ancients discovered
magnetized rocks (Lodestone).
• It took them several hundred
years to discover attraction and
repulsion.
• In early nineteenth century
Hans Christen discovered
deflection of compass needle
due to current carrying wire.

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Historical Events

• Interaction of Electric and

Magnetic Fields was studied.
• Tesla then lit a lamp wirelessly.
• Marconi conceived a way to
send wireless telegraph across
the Atlantic.

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Antenna
Antenna

• Antenna is a transducer
• It converts electric signal to electromagnetic wave
• Or converts electromagnetic wave to an electric signal

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Types of Antenna

• Dipole

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Types of Antenna

• Helix

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Types of Antenna

• Horn

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Types of Antenna

• Patch Antenna

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Dipole
Antenna
Dipole Antenna
• Comprises of two poles / elements.
• It is designed to operate at a specific
resonant frequency.
• Dipole Antenna has a length equal to
half of the wavelength.

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Dipole Antenna
• Changing electric fields create radio
waves.
• Radio waves propagate outwards.

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Radiation
Pattern
Radiation Pattern
• Region close to antenna is called near-field
• Distance <<< lambda
• Then there is a transition region.
• Far-field is the region where electric field becomes more patterned, and
waves become planar.
• Far-field distance > 2 Lambda

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Radiation Pattern
• Dipole has a donut
shaped radiation pattern
• It makes a figure of 8 in
Elevation Plane
• It makes a circle Azimuth
Plane

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CST Antenna
Design
• Dipole Antenna having center frequency of 2 GHz

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We have calculated half lambda. Which is 74.95 mm.

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We set parameter value around 4 mm less than calculated lambda to avoid fringing
effect. Fringing Effect reduces effective length.

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Setting thickness of wire to be 0.15 mm.

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Setting feed gap to 0.5.

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Choose cylinder and write parameter names as follows.

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Press enter and the cylinder is created.

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Now creating feed gap. Set values as follows and create the geometry.

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Geometry has been created.

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Now Select Dipole.

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Select subtract.

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Select feed gap geometry and press enter

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Feed gap has been created

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Select pick circle center.

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Double click to select the center of dipole.

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Now select circle center again and pick other center of dipole.

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Select discrete port and set impedance to 73 OHM.

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Open boundary conditions, tick apply in all directions and select open (add space). Thru
this, CST sets far field distance to be 2D^2/lambda …….where D is the length of dipole.

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Open field monitor, select E- field and set frequency to be 2. Click Apply

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Similarly select Far field and set frequency to be 2. Click OK.

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Open Time Domain Solver and set Accuracy to be -25 dB.

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Tick Normalize to Fixed Impedance and set Impedance to be 73. Click Apply and Start.

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Open S11 parameter. Dip in plot should be lower than -10 dB and at 2 GHz.

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Open Far Field from 2D 3D results. Radiation pattern is donut shaped.

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Observe figure of 8 in Elevation Plane (PHI).

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Observe circle in Azimuth Plane (Theta).

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Select E-field from 2D 3D results and select phase value to visualize the radiated fields.

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Practice Task
Task

• Create a dipole for 5 GHz and observe all mentioned results.

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 Thank
you

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