Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Introduction to Database
(Fundamental concepts)
Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Outline
Basic concepts:
 Data
Information
Database, DBMS and Database system
Database system and File System
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the scene function of DBMS
Database models
Advantages of Using DBMS

Basic concepts
 Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
 Example Form of Data?
 Raw facts, building blocks of information
 Unprocessed information
 Information : when data is processed and converted into a meaningful and Useful form, it is
known as Information.
 Information is nothing but refined data
 Well organized data
 Information is data that have been put in to a meaningful & Useful context.
What is Database?
 Database is an organized collection of facts and information, such as records on

employees, inventory and customers.
 A shared collection of logically related data(real world entities), designed to meet

the information needs of multiple users in an organization.
 A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific purpose. (A

telephone book is a common database.)
 A computerized database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information

that is rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.
Cont’d…
 DBMS(database management system): Collection of programs that manages

database structure and controls access to data
 Possible to share data among multiple applications or users
 Makes data management more efficient and effective
 Database System: a database together with database management system

Database system environment

Database system vs. file system
Redundancy:
 In file system ,every user has its own group and files system, so he has to store data
multiple times.
 When any query needs to be updated it becomes quite difficult to update everywhere
 While in database only one time creation required, server provide these information to required
groups.
Inconsistency:
In files system when updating is required, at some places it is updated but at some places
user forgot to update leads to inconsistency

Cont’d…
 In database system only one time updation is required, it is automatically updated at all other places
Sharing of Data
 In file system sharing of data is quite complex process and user need to find particular file to locate
it.
 In database system it’s very easy just type keywords in search query, files are easily shared
throughout the organization.
Security
 In file system there is no physical security as anyone get those files , also due to physical damages
there are a chances of being damaging.

Cont’d…
In database system data is stored at servers and cloud, so there are a few chances of being
damaged and security is high.
figure 1.2 Contrasting database and file system

Main characteristics of the database approach
Self-describing nature of a database system:
 A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular database (e.g. data structures, types, and
constraints)
 The description is called meta-data.
 This allows the DBMS software to work with different database applications.
Insulation between programs and data:

 Called program-data independence.
 Allows changing data structures and storage organization without having to change the DBMS
access programs.

Cont’d…
Data Abstraction:
A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users with a
conceptual view of the database.
Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than data storage details
Support of multiple views of the data:
Each user may see a different view of the database, which describes only the data
of interest to that user.

Actors on the scene
In a large database with approximately hundreds of users many persons are
involved in its design, use and maintenance.
Actors on the scene are people whose jobs involve the day-to-day use of such
large databases. The following are professionals who are categorized as actors on
the scene:

Cont’d…
Database administrator
Administering the resources in a database environment
Authorizing access to the database, coordinating and monitoring its use.
Acquiring software and hardware resources as needed.
Setting security parameters for the database system and improving system
performance.
Involves in all steps of database development
Fundamentals
Institute of of Database,
engineering and Chapter
technology, parul 1university
Cont’d…
Database Designers
Identifies the data to be stored and choose the appropriate structures to represent
and store the data.
Should understand the user requirement and should choose how the user views
the database.
Involve on the design phase before the implementation of the database system.

Cont’d…
Systems Analyst and Application programmer

 System analyst determines the user requirement and how the user wants to view the
database.
 The application programmer implements these specifications as programs; code, test,
debug, document and maintain the application program.
 Determines the interface on how to retrieve, insert, update and delete data in the database.
 The application could use any high level programming language according to the
availability, the facility and the required service.

Cont’d…
End users: End users are the people whose jobs require access to the database for
querying, updating, and generating reports; the database primarily exists for their
use. There are several categories of end users:
Native Users
 Sizable/large proportion of users
 Unaware of the DBMS
 Only access the database based on their access level and demand
 Use standard and pre-specified types of queries.

Cont’d…
Casual end users:
 users who access the database occasionally.
 Need different information from the database each time.
 Use sophisticated database queries to satisfy their needs.
 Are most of the time middle to high level managers.

 Sophisticated Users:
 Are users familiar with the structure of the Database and facilities of the DBMS.
 Are most of the time engineers, scientists, business analysts, etc
 Have higher level queries

Database models
Database Model is a set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, and certain
constraints that the database should obey.
It is a description of the way that data is stored in a database. Data model helps to
understand the relationship between entities and to create the most effective structure to
hold data.
Types of database models are:
1. The Hierarchical Data Model
2. The Network Data Model
3. The Relational Data Model

Hierarchical Database Model
This is the oldest form of database.
This data model organizes the data in the tree structure i.e each child node can have
only one parent node and at the top of the structure, there is a single parenthesis node.
 In this model a database record is a tree that consists of one or more groupings of
fields called segments, which makeup the individual nodes of the tree.
This model use one-to-many relationship.

Cont’d…

Network model
Replaces the hierarchical tree with graph thus allowing more general connections
among the nodes.
Supports multiple paths in the data structure eliminates some of the drawbacks of
the hierarchical model
allows one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships
Created to:
Represent complex data relationships more effectively
Improve database performance

Cont’d….

Relational Database Model
The relational database model allows the definition of data structures, storage and
retrieval operations and integrity constraints.
In such a database the data and relations between them are organized in tables.
 A table is a collection of records and each record in a table contains the same fields
organized in columns.
The records in the table form the rows of the table.
Provides flexibility that allows changes to the database structure to be easily

accommodated. It facilitates multiple views of the same database for different users.
Cont’d…

Advantages of using DBMS
Controlling Redundancy in data storage, development and maintenance efforts.
 Restricting Unauthorized Access (security and authorization)
 Providing persistent storage for program objects and data structure
Providing Multiple User Interfaces
Representing Complex Relationships Among data
Enforcing Integrity Constraints(accidental deletion or insertion)

Cont’d…
Providing Backup and Recovery
Centralized control – Data quality and integrity maintained
Data easily shared, but still controlled by DBMS
Database searches and analysis faster through DBMS through “user-friendly”

interfaces
Efficient Data Access

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Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Database, DBMS and Database system

Database system and File System

Main Characteristics of the Database Approach

Actors on the scene function of DBMS

Advantages of Using DBMS

 Example Form of Data?

 Raw facts, building blocks of information

 Information is nothing but refined data

 Well organized data

 Database is an organized collection of facts and information, such as records on

 A shared collection of logically related data(real world entities), designed to meet

 A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific purpose. (A

 A computerized database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information

 DBMS(database management system): Collection of programs that manages

 Makes data management more efficient and effective

 Database System: a database together with database management system

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

user forgot to update leads to inconsistency

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

figure 1.2 Contrasting database and file system

Insulation between programs and data:

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Support of multiple views of the data:

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Authorizing access to the database, coordinating and monitoring its use.

Acquiring software and hardware resources as needed.

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Systems Analyst and Application programmer

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

 Unaware of the DBMS

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

 Need different information from the database each time.

 Use sophisticated database queries to satisfy their needs.

 Are most of the time middle to high level managers.

 Are most of the time engineers, scientists, business analysts, etc

 Have higher level queries

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Types of database models are:

1. The Hierarchical Data Model

2. The Network Data Model

3. The Relational Data Model

This is the oldest form of database.

This model use one-to-many relationship.

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

allows one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships

Represent complex data relationships more effectively

Improve database performance

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

The records in the table form the rows of the table.

Provides flexibility that allows changes to the database structure to be easily

Fundamentals of Database, Chapter 1

Controlling Redundancy in data storage, development and maintenance efforts.

 Restricting Unauthorized Access (security and authorization)

 Providing persistent storage for program objects and data structure