BRIDGE

 A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way beneath
 Components of bridge
Superstructure or Decking
Bearings
Substructure
 Piers and Abutments
 Wing walls and Returns
 Foundation
 Classification

According to the flexibility of superstructure as fixed span bridges or movable bridge.

i. Fixed span superstructure
ii. Movable span bridges
 According to the position of bridge floor relative to the formation level
i. Deck bridges
ii. Through bridges
FORMATION
LEVEL

iii. Semi through bridges HFL

FORMATION
LEVEL

 According to the inter-span relations

HFL

i. Simply supported
ii. Continuous FORMATION

iii. Cantilever LEVEL

 According to the form or type of superstructure HFL

i. Slab Cantilever Span Cantilever Span

ii. Beam
iii. Girder
iv. Truss
v. Arch
vi. Suspension Cantilever Span Simply Supported Cantilever Span

Beam
vii. Cable stayed Bridge
 According to the material of construction used as superstructure
i. Cement Concrete
ii. Prestressed Concrete •
iii. Steel
iv. Masonry
v. Iron Girder
vi. Timber Bridge
Suspension
vii. Composite Bridges
 According to the method of clearance
i. Movable-Swing Bridges
ii. Movable-lift bridges
 According to the method of clearance for Nagivation
i. Transporter
ii. Temporary Bridges
iii. Permanent Bridge
iv. Military (Pontoon, Bailey)
 According to the function
i. Road
ii. Railway
Movable-Swing Bridges Movable-Lift Bridges
iii. Road-cum-railway
iv. Pipeline Bridges.
 According to the connection
i. Pin Connected
ii. Riveted
iii. Welded
 According to the length of span Transporter
i. Culvert (less than 6m)
ii. Minor bridge (6to30m)
iii. Major bridge (above30m)
iv. Long span bridge (above120m)
 According to the degree of Redundancy
i. Determinate
ii. Indeterminate
 According to the level of crossing of Highway and Railway
i. Over bridge
ii. Under bridge
 According to the Alignment
i. Straight
ii. Skew Bridges
 According to the road level related to HFL of the river below, particular for a highway bridge
i. Causeway
ii. High Level
iii. Submersible

 Determination of Design Discharge

Empirical formula for flood discharge from a catchment Lave be proposed of form
Q=CAn
Where, Q=Maximum flood discharge in (cumec)
A=Catchment area in (sqr km)
C=constant depending on the nature of the catchment and location
A proper empirical formula of the above type is Ryves formula which is given by
Q=CA2/3
 Using Rational Formula
A rational formula for flood discharge should have taken into account the intensity, distribution and duration of rainfall
as well as the area, shape, slope and permeability and initial of the catchment. A typical rational formula
Q=CIλ
Where, Q=Maximum flood discharge in cumec
A=Catchment area in sqr km
λ=Peak intensity of rainfall in mm/hr. A function depending on the characteristics of the catchment in producing the
peak runoff = 0.56Pf/(tc+1)
tc = concentration time in hrs= (0.88L3/H)0.385

 Area Velocity Method

The discharge Q is given by Q=AV
Where Q = discharge cumec
A= wetted area in m2
V=Velocity of flow in m/s
=1/nR2/3S1/2
n=co-efficient of roughness
s=slope of stream
R=Hydraulic mean radius in (m) =wetted area / wetted perimeter
 Load Consideration
 Load to be Considered
 Slab Bridge
 Slab bridges are monolithic, flat concrete beams (slabs) with twisted or roughened reinforcing steel rods
concentrated in the lower portion and at either end of the slab, where tensile forces and sheer are the
greatest. The amount of steel and depth of the slab are based on its length and live-load capacity
Figure: Longitudinal Section of Slab Bridge

Figure: Cross-Section of Slab Bridge

 Design Component of Slab Bridge
i. Rail Post
ii. Railing
iii. Kerb
iv. Slab Railing
v. Abutment Rail Post
 Design of Railing

 Design Steps
Self Weight
Dead Load + Live Load
i. Load Calculation
Horizontal and Vertical

ii. Moment Calculation For Horizontal and Vertical Load

d= ;Hence check with effective depth

iii. Depth Check

As=
iv. Steel calculation
Developed Shear=1.18*WT*
v. Shear Check Allowable Shear=1.15

vi. Web Reinforcement Calculation Provide Nominal Reinforcement as per ACI #3bar@15”c/c
Also check with S=3t and Smax=

vii. Working Diagram

 Design of Rail Post
 Assume
• Cross Sectional Area of Rail Post
• Height of Rail Post
• Height of Top and Bottom Railing
MV WT=Total Vertical Load or Maximum Load

 Design Steps MH=Basic Mechanics S= Spacing of Rail Post

i. Moment Calculation Vertical Load Moment + Horizontal Load Moment

d= ;Hence check with effective depth

ii. Depth Check

As= ; Check with Minimum Reinforcement, AS=0.0018bt

iii. Steel Calculation
Developed Shear=1.18*WT*
iv. Shear Check Allowable Shear=1.15

Provide Nominal Reinforcement as per ACI #3bar@15”c/c

v. Web Reinforcement Calculation Also check with S=3t and Smax=
 Working Diagram
 Kerb Design

 A line of stone or concrete forming an edge between a pavement and a roadway,

so that the pavement is some 15 cm above the level of the road.
 Assume
• Slab Thickness
• Find Effective Span S= Span Length+
• Consider all Vertical Lodes as wearing coat
• Find Effective Loading Zone=4+0.06S
 Design Steps

Self Weight from ABCDEF + Load From Railing and Rail Post
i. Load Calculation

MD= and ML=0.1H20S16*L

ii. Moment Calculation
d= ;Hence check with effective depth
iii. Depth Check

As= ; Check with Minimum Reinforcement, AS=0.0018bt

iv. Steel calculation

Taking Moment at Critical Section

v. Moment at Critical section
d= ;Hence check with effective
vi. Depth Check depth

As= ; Check with Minimum Reinforcement, AS=0.0018bt

vii. Web Reinforcement Calculation

viii. Working Diagram

Design of Slab
4K 16K 16K
 Design Steps
 Dead Load Calculation= Self Weight of Slab + Self Weight of Wearing Coat

 Dead Load Shear and Dead Load Moment Calculation

Dead Load on Slab

V1-1=2731 lb
V2-2=1761.8 lb
V3-3=880.9 lb
V4-4=0.0 lb

M1-1=0.0 lb-ft
M2-2=3373.85 lb-ft
M3-3=6747.70 lb-ft
M4-4=15208.75 lb-ft
 Live Load Shear and Moment Calculation

IL for Shear IL for Moment

 Impact Shear and Moment Calculation
Impact Coefficient IC==0.34 > 0.30 ; So, IC=0.30
 Depth Check
 Shear Check
Same As Previous
 Steel Calculation
 Distribution Reinforcement Calculation
 Working Diagram
 Design of Abutment
Specification
 Overall height of Abutment, L = 11 ft
 Unit weight of soil, B = 110 pcf
 Angle of internal friction = 28°
 Allowable bearing capacity of soil = 4000 psf
 Coefficient of friction between concrete and soil, = 0.50
 Yield strength of steel, fy= 60000 psi
 Concrete crushing strength at 28 days, f´c= 4000 psi
 Minimum Factor of safety = 1.50

 Coefficient of active pressure, Ka = = 0.36

 Coefficient of passive pressure, Kp = = 2.77

 Total Active earth pressure, Pa= H2= x0.36x110x11x11 =2395.80 lb

 Overturning Moment, Mo = (2395.80x ) = 8784.60 lb-ft.
 Section Weight, W Moment Arm Resisting Moment,
lb ft MR
i 2x7x150 = 2100 3.5 7350
ii 1.5x9x150 = 2025 2.25 4556.25
iii 0.5x2x9x150 = 1350 3.67 4954.50

iv 0.5x2x9x110 = 990 4.33 4286.7

v 2x9x110 = 1980 6 11880
Case-I Total = 8445 33027.45
Dead Load of super
structure 2731.25 2.25 5951.25
Case-II 10190 36442.5
Live Load of super
structure 2940 2.25 6615.225
Case-III 13130.1 43057.725
 Possible Modes of Failure
1. Sliding
 Possible Modes of Failure
1. Sliding

 Factor of safety against sliding = = 7545x0.5/2395.80 = 1.57>1.50 (checked).

 Possible Modes of Failure
1. Sliding
2. Overturning
 Possible Modes of Failure
1. Sliding
2. Overturning

Factor of safety against Overturning = = 30491.25/8784.6 = 3.47>1.50 (checked).

 Possible Modes of Failure
1. Sliding
2. Overturning
3. Stability Against Bearing
 Area, A = 1x7 = 7 ft2
 Moment of inertia, I = = 1x73/12 = 28.58 ft4
 C = = 3.5 ft.
 a == 30491.25-8784.6/7545= 2.88 ft
 e = b/2-a = 3.5 -2.88 = 0.62ft
 M = Wxe= 8445x0.62 = 4677.9 lb-ft
 σ 1= + = 1650.73 psf < 4000 psf

 σ 2= = 504.99 psf < 4000 psf

Design is OK
 This Step is Revised for Case-II and Case III
 If Factor of Safety is Fails in Any Step then Design Pile.

Any Question?