Kalat IntroPsychology 12e PPT CH12 GOLD

Introduction to Psychology,
12e
Chapter 12: Emotions, Stress,
and Health
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology, 12th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
Icebreaker: Pair–Share
Move into groups of two or three and discuss the following:

1. Do you ever felt so strongly about a situation that you failed to see the logic of
any arguments presented by others?
2. What can you do to prevent yourself from operating solely on emotion?
3. Do you think emotions have a place at on the job? Why or why not?
Chapter Objectives (1 of 4)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

12.01 Describe methods of measuring emotions, including the strengths and
weaknesses of each method.
12.02 Evaluate the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the evidence relating to
it.
12.03 Evaluate the Schachter and Singer theory, and the evidence relating to it.
12.04 Discuss whether it makes sense to distinguish a few “basic” emotions.

12.05 Describe an alternative to the idea of basic emotions.
12.06 Discuss the role of emotions in moral reasoning.
12.07 Define emotional intelligence and describe evidence relating to it.
12.08 Describe an objective way to measure anxiety.
12.09 Describe how amygdala damage alters fear and anxiety.
12.10 Evaluate the effectiveness of polygraphs (“lie detector tests”).

12.11 Distinguish among anger, disgust, and contempt.
12.12 Discuss the role of wealth in happiness.
12.13 List factors that influence happiness and ways to enhance happiness.
12.14 Discuss how life satisfaction changes in old age.
12.15 Describe and evaluate Selye’s concept of stress.
12.16 Discuss the difficulties of measuring stress.

12.17 Give examples of how stress can affect health by altering behavior.
12.18 Describe the role of cortisol and the immune system in stress effects on
health.
12.19 Explain the evidence suggesting that some people are more predisposed
than others to post-traumatic stress disorder.
12.20 List ways to cope with stress.
12.21 Describe procedures that might facilitate forgetting of a traumatic
experience.
Unit 1
The Nature of Emotion
Measuring Emotions
Self-Reports Behavioral Observations Physiological Measures
• Ask people about • Others can infer • Autonomic nervous

how they feel. before you can report system
verbally.
• Quick and easy • Sympathetic nervous
• Microexpressions system
• Accuracy is limited
are very brief,
• Parasympathetic
sudden emotional
expressions. nervous system
• One system can
dominate others.
Discussion Activity 1
As a class, discuss the following:

a. What are the different biological responses when measuring emotion using the
sympathetic, autonomic, and parasympathetic nervous systems?
b. Many of us have heard of the expression “fight-or-flight.” Which nervous
system activates this response?
c. Why can’t physiological measurements tell us which emotions someone is
experiencing?
The James-Lange Theory of Emotions (1 of 2)
James-Lange theory: Perception of bodily changes provides the feeling aspect

of emotion.
1. Situation
2. Appraisal: Cognitive aspect of the emotion
3. Action: Physiological and behavioral aspects
4. Perception of the action: Feeling aspect of the emotion
The James-Lange Theory of Emotions (2 of 2)
Decreased Body Reaction Increased Body Reaction
• Can identify emotional situation but • Posture and breathing patterns of an

have little emotional feeling. emotion can induce those emotions.
• Pure autonomic failure: Autonomic • Facial movements can change your
nervous system stops regulating mood.
organs.
• Botox freezes muscles and causes
weaker expression of emotions.
Schachter and Singer’s Theory of Emotions
The degree of sympathetic nervous

system arousal determines the
intensity of the emotion.
Cognitive appraisal of the situation
identifies the type of emotion.
Discussion Activity 2: Pair–Share
Move into groups of three or four and discuss the following:

a. Which theory of emotion do you think is more accurate, James-Lange or
Schachter and Singer? Why?
b. Would one of these theories help you better manage your emotions than the
other? Which? Why?
Do We Have a Few “Basic” Emotions? (1 of 2)
Most psychologists agree we have

the a few “basic” emotions
• Happiness
• Sadness
• Disgust
• Fear
• Anger
Do We Have a Few “Basic” Emotions? (2 of 2)
To decide what is a basic emotion, psychologists have proposed the following

criteria:
• Basic emotions should emerge early in life without requiring much experience.
• Basic emotions should be similar across cultures.
• Each basic emotion should have a distinct physiology.
• Each basic emotion might have its own facial expression.
Producing Facial Expressions
• Emotional expressions are not arbitrary.
Example: eyes widen in fear to help you see and locate danger.
• Emotional expressions are adapted for communication.
Example: people laugh when with friends but rarely when alone.
• Expressions are consistent even in those who are deaf or blind.
• Note not all facial expressions mean the same thing in various cultures.
Understanding Facial Expressions
• People throughout the world can

recognize certain emotional
expressions.
• We seldom recognize an emotion
from facial expression alone; we
also consider posture, context,
tone of voice, and other
information.

a. Why is it easier to recognize emotions in real life than when looking at a
photograph of a facial expression?
b. Have you ever misidentified an emotion when with someone? If so, what was
the context and the physical cue that led you to misread the emotion?
Do Facial Expressions Indicate
Basic Emotions?
Most expressions show a mixture of emotions.
• The ability of people to recognize expressions cannot tell us whether people
have precisely six basic emotions.
• We can also identify additional states, such as contempt and pride.
The fact that we recognize expressions of disgust and surprise is not decisive for
calling them emotions.
• We also recognize expressions of sleepiness and confusion, which most people
do not regard as emotions.
An Alternative to Basic Emotions
Circumplex model: Emotions

range on a continuum from
pleasure to misery, and from
arousal to sleepiness
Usefulness of Emotions
Emotions call attention to important information and adjust priorities.

Broaden-and-build hypothesis is the idea that a happy mood increases your
readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities.
Emotions and moral reasoning:
• When we face a moral decision, we often react emotionally.
• Those quick emotional feelings may be an evolved mechanism to steer our
behavior toward what is usually the right choice.
Decisions by People with Impaired Emotions
People with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex have trouble making
decisions.
• They seem particularly impaired in moral judgments.
• Difficulty in reading emotional states may result in less inhibition about causing
harm or distress.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and to use that
information in making decisions.
• To be considered intelligence, it should have commonality with other kinds of
intelligence but not overlap too heavily with academic intelligence.
• Should predict outcomes that we cannot already predict with other
measurements.
• Emotional intelligence scores correlate with academic intelligence but currently
does not have an accurate means of measurement.
Knowledge Check Activity 1
Which of the following regards emotion as a series of dimensions with emotions

that run on a continuum?
a. Broaden-and-build
b. Emotional intelligence
c. Schachter and Singer theory of emotion
d. Circumplex model
Knowledge Check Activity 1: Answer
Which of the following regards emotion as a series of dimensions with emotions

that run on a continuum?
d. Circumplex model
According to the circumplex model, emotions range on a continuum from
pleasure to misery and along another continuum from arousal to
sleepiness. Note that this model deals with the feeling aspect of emotion,
not the cognitive aspects.
Unit 2
Fear, Anger, Happiness, Sadness, and
Other Experiences
Fear and Anxiety
Fear: Response to immediate danger.

Anxiety: Vague sense that something bad might happen.
Measuring anxiety:
• Increase in the startle reflex.
• Learned association can alter the startle reflex.
• Those with a highly responsive amygdala are more likely than others to report
emotionally unpleasant experiences.
Lie Detection
Anxiety, Arousal, and Lie Detection Alternative Methods of Detecting Lies
• Polygraph records sympathetic • Guilty-knowledge test produces

nervous system arousal. more accurate results.
• Measures blood pressure, heart rate, • Asks questions that should be
breathing rate, and skin’s electrical threatening only to someone who
conduction. knows the facts of a crime.
• Accuracy is too uncertain for decision • Ask better questions.
making.
• Ask detailed, unexpected questions.
In small groups, discuss the following:

a. Do you play poker? Do you know what a “tell” is?
b. Do you think a professional card player, one who is good at convincing others
of the strength of their cards, would be able to pass a polygraph test more
easily than others? Why or why not?
c. What are the inherent dangers of relying on the results of a polygraph test?
Anger and Related Emotions
Anger is associated with a desire to harm or drive people away.

• Usually in response to belief that someone has caused harm or attempted to
cause harm.
• Comes when someone interferes with your rights or expectations.
Disgust is a reaction to something that would make you feel contaminated if it got
into your mouth.
Contempt is a reaction to a violation of community standards.
Happiness, Joy, and Positive Psychology
(1 of 2)
Positive psychology is the study of the features that enrich life, such as
happiness, hope, creativity, courage, spirituality, and responsibility.
• It includes not only momentary happiness, but also subjective well-being.
• Subjective well-being is a self-evaluation of one’s life as pleasant, interesting,
satisfying, and meaningful.
• Research on happiness relies on self-reports.
Happiness, Joy, and Positive
Psychology (1 of 2)
Influence of Wealth Differences among Nations
• Increase in wealth has greater impact • When average wealth on a country

for poor people than for wealthy increases, average satisfaction with
people. life also increases.
• Influence of money depends on what • Mean level of happiness correlates
you do with it. positively with individual freedoms,
social equality, education, opportunity.
• Experiences bring more joy than
objects.

a. Cross-cultural research on happiness indicates that when the wealth of a
country increases, so does average satisfaction with life. Do you agree with
this? Why or why not?
b. Studies show that the United States is an exception to this rule, even though
the wealth of the average person approximately doubled from 1972 to 2012.
Why do you think happiness has not increased when wealth has?
More Influences on Happiness (1 of 2)
Temperament or personality has a strong influence on happiness.

No precise way to measure happiness, but generally:
• Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people.
• People who have happy friends tend to be happier.
• Those who attend religious services tend to be happier.
• Conversation can increase happiness.
• Purpose in life increases happiness.
More Influences on Happiness (2 of 2)
Happiness and age:

• Well-being declines from early
adulthood until about age 50.
• Decreased stress about success, bills,
and family.
• Age trend also depends on when
someone was born.
Sadness
Sadness is caused by a sense of loss: death, breakup, injury, illness.

Motivates people to restore their mood through available means, including social
support.
Crying:
• Relieves tension
• Communicates mood
• Helps one feel better
Self-Conscious Emotions
Includes embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.

• Occur when we think about how others might regard us if they knew what we
had done.
• Experienced most strongly when observing others.
• Embarrassment is an emotional reaction to mistakes, being at the center of
attention, or sticky situations.
Unit 3
Stress, Health, and Coping
Selye’s Concept of Stress (1 of 2)
Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
Hans Selye found that:
• Any event, pleasant or unpleasant, that brings about change in a person’s life
produces some measure of stress.
• Definition does not include the effects of anything unchanging.
An alternative definition of stress is “an event or events that are interpreted as

threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral
responses.”
Selye’s Concept of Stress (2 of 2)
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome identifies the body’s response to stressful

events of any type.
Three stages:
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
Measuring Stress
To measure stress, use a checklist of stressful experiences and rate how stressful
each event would be.
• Checklists assume many small stressors add up to one larger stressor.
• Items are ambiguous.
• Different events have different meanings for different people.
• Considers all types of stress to be equal.
The best way to measure stress is through a careful, well-structured interview.
How Stress Affects Health
Indirect Effects Direct Effects
• Influences health by altering behavior • Increased secretion of the hormone

cortisol.
• People exposed to stressful events
often change their eating, sleeping, • Brief, moderate elevations of cortisol
and drinking habits. enhance memory and immune
system responses.
• Prolonged cortisol damages health by
impairing the hippocampus and by
exhausting the immune system.
Heart Disease
• Type A personality: Tendency to be highly competitive, impatient, and often

hostile.
• Type B personality: Tendency to be more easygoing, less hurried, and less
hostile.
• Research has found only a small link between emotional responses and the
onset of heart disease.
• People who learn techniques for managing stress decrease their risk of heart
disease.
In small groups, discuss the following:

a. Do you consider yourself to be more of a Type A or Type B personality? What
things about yourself lead you to believe this?
b. How might your personality type contribute to stress in your life?
c. What are some of the things you can do today to help manage and relieve
stress?
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A condition marked by prolonged

anxiety and depression.
• The result of severe stress.
• Not all who endure traumatic events develop PTSD.
• Most PTSD victims have a smaller than average hippocampus. Cortisol
released during times of stress damage the hippocampus.
Coping with Stress
Problem-Focused Coping by Emotion-Focused

Coping Reappraisal Coping
• Doing something • Reinterpreting a • Regulating one’s

about the problem. situation to make it emotional reaction.
seem less
• Inoculation • Social support
threatening.
• Feeling of control • Embracing the • Relaxation
helps to create calm. arousal can lead to • Exercise
more successful
outcomes. • Distraction
Knowledge Check Activity 2
While preparing for final exams, students might find that their stress levels
increase. Which coping technique is a student using when they take a study
break to go for a run or to the gym?
a. Problem-focused
b. Reappraisal
c. Emotion-focused
Knowledge Check Activity 2: Answer
While preparing for final exams, students might find that their stress levels
increase. Which coping technique is a student using when they take a study
break to go for a run or to the gym?
c. Emotion-focused
Emotion-focused strategies do not solve a problem, they help you manage
your reaction to it. It may seem contradictory, but exercise helps people
relax. Researchers found that students reported less stress on days when
they exercised, and on days when they had a good sleep the night before.
Forgetting a Stressful Experience
Resilience is an ability to handle difficult situations with a minimum of distress.

Problems related to anxiety or depression are precipitated by a stressful
experience.
• You might not forget what happened, but you might want to weaken the emotion
pain.
• Weaken the memory so that fewer events will remind you of it.
Self- Assessment
Distinguish between the James-Lange and the Schachter and Singer theories of
emotion.
What are the controversies about basic emotions?
What is emotional intelligence and how is it measured?
Outline how anxiety occurs.
Distinguish those things which contribute to happiness from those that do not.
Define stress and Selye’s general adaption syndrome.
What are the effects of stress on health, and how can that be managed?
Summary (1 of 4)
Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to:
• Describe methods of measuring emotions, including the strengths and
weaknesses of each method.
• Evaluate the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the evidence relating to it.
• Evaluate the Schachter and Singer theory, and the evidence relating to it.
• Discuss whether it makes sense to distinguish a few “basic” emotions.
• Describe an alternative to the idea of basic emotions.
Summary (2 of 4)
• Discuss the role of emotions in moral reasoning.
• Define emotional intelligence and describe evidence relating to it.
• Describe an objective way to measure anxiety.
• Describe how amygdala damage alters fear and anxiety.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of polygraphs (“lie detector tests”).
• Distinguish among anger, disgust, and contempt.
Summary (3 of 4)
• Discuss the role of wealth in happiness.
• List factors that influence happiness and ways to enhance happiness.
• Discuss how life satisfaction changes in old age.
• Describe and evaluate Selye’s concept of stress.
• Discuss the difficulties of measuring stress.
• Give examples of how stress can affect health by altering behavior.
Summary (4 of 4)
• Describe the role of cortisol and the immune system in stress effects on health.
• Explain the evidence suggesting that some people are more predisposed than
others to post-traumatic stress disorder.
• List ways to cope with stress.
• Describe procedures that might facilitate forgetting of a traumatic experience.

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Introduction to Psychology,

Move into groups of two or three and discuss the following:

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Self-Reports Behavioral Observations Physiological Measures

• Ask people about • Others can infer • Autonomic nervous

As a class, discuss the following:

James-Lange theory: Perception of bodily changes provides the feeling aspect

Decreased Body Reaction Increased Body Reaction

• Can identify emotional situation but • Posture and breathing patterns of an

The degree of sympathetic nervous

Move into groups of three or four and discuss the following:

Most psychologists agree we have

To decide what is a basic emotion, psychologists have proposed the following

• Emotional expressions are not arbitrary.

• People throughout the world can

As a class, discuss the following:

Circumplex model: Emotions

Emotions call attention to important information and adjust priorities.

Which of the following regards emotion as a series of dimensions with emotions

Which of the following regards emotion as a series of dimensions with emotions

Fear: Response to immediate danger.

Anxiety, Arousal, and Lie Detection Alternative Methods of Detecting Lies

• Polygraph records sympathetic • Guilty-knowledge test produces

In small groups, discuss the following:

Anger is associated with a desire to harm or drive people away.

• Increase in wealth has greater impact • When average wealth on a country

As a class, discuss the following:

Temperament or personality has a strong influence on happiness.

Happiness and age:

Sadness is caused by a sense of loss: death, breakup, injury, illness.

Includes embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.

An alternative definition of stress is “an event or events that are interpreted as

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome identifies the body’s response to stressful

The best way to measure stress is through a careful, well-structured interview.

Indirect Effects Direct Effects

• Influences health by altering behavior • Increased secretion of the hormone

• Type A personality: Tendency to be highly competitive, impatient, and often

In small groups, discuss the following:

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A condition marked by prolonged

Problem-Focused Coping by Emotion-Focused

• Doing something • Reinterpreting a • Regulating one’s

Resilience is an ability to handle difficult situations with a minimum of distress.

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