IQRA RAFIQUE

Roll # 31

ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT
WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATION
ON

NUCLEUS
DISCOVERY

 It was discovered by A.V

Leeuwenhoek for the first time.
 Franz Bauer also described it
in 1804.
 In 1831 Scottish Botanist
Robert Brown explained it in
more detail in a talk at the
Linnean Society of London.
MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
• Membrane-
enclosed organelle
found in eukaryotic
cell.
• Generally found in
the central region of
the cell (in animal
cell).
• It appears as a
dense, roughly
spherical organelle.
• Largest & most
easily seen
organelle.
SIZE &
SHAPE
• It is a spherical
organelle.
• It is approximately
3-10 μm in diameter
• Usually only one
nucleus is present in
each cell but certain
cells maybe
binucleate (e.g.,
some liver cells) or
multinucleate (e.g.,
skeletal muscle
cells).
 FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEUS
 It stores the cell's hereditary material, or
DNA.
 Site of DNA replication
 Site of DNA transcription to mRNA
 Ribosomal formation
 Nucleolus: RNA & protein required for
ribosomal synthesis
 It coordinates the cell's activities, which
include growth, intermediary metabolism,
protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell
division) by regulating gene expression.
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 Basic proteins ( Protamines and Histones ): They are
simple basic proteins, having low molecular weight.
 Acid proteins ( Non-Histones ): Nuclear phosphoproteins
are important non-histone proteins found mainly in diffuse
chromatin or active chromatin or euchromatin.
 Nuclear enzymes: The enzymes of nucleoside metabolism
namely adenosine diaminase, nucleoside phosphorylase,
guanase etc are present.
 Nucleic acids: The nucleic acids, DNA and RNA form most
part of the nucleus. Both are made of fundamental repeating
units called nucleotides.
 Lipids: They occur mainly as lipoproteins or phospholipids.
 Inorganic and other compounds: The nucleus has a greater
concentration of ash than the cytoplasm. The ash is mainly
composed of phosphorous, potassium, sodium and
particularly calcium and magnesium.
 Conclusively cell nucleus is the storehouse of everything what
a cell shall do in future, since it handles the gene expression
and overall metabolism of cell
thus called “DIRECTOR OF CELL”.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF NUCLEUS
  It is an organized structure of
DNA
 Containing genetic information of
CHROMOSOMES cell, regulatory elements and other
nucleotide sequences
& CHROMATIN  Chromatin is a complex of DNA
and histone protein, which
packages chromosomes also
known as nucleosomes
 The structure of chromosomes and
chromatin varies throughout the
cell cycle
 Interphase chromatin consists of
euchromatin and heterochromatin
(chromosomes are not visible
during this phase)
 Euchromatin – contains active form of DNA.
 Heterochromatin - contains inactive form.
 Metaphase chromatin- the chromatin becomes more and
more condensed and compact, making the chromosome
visible with a classic four arm structure, having a pair of
sister chromatids attached at centromere.
 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes- 22 are autosomes &
2 sex chromosomes.
THANK
YOU