UTRA TDD Overview

Agostinho Castro
alcastro@inesporto.pt

Rui Sarmento Castro

rui.castro@inescporto.pt

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

 Outline
• Introduction
– Definition, Principles and Characteristics
• UTRA TDD Physical Channels Structure
– Frame, Slot and Burst
• Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical
Channels
• Power Control
• Resource Allocation
– Code Allocation Strategies (FDD)
– Dynamic Channel Allocation (TDD)
• UTRA TDD Interference Scenario
Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
Introduction
• Two implementations are proposed for the UTRA
(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) physical layer:
– Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Time
190MHz

Uplink Downlink Frequency

5MHz 5MHz

– Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Time
Downlink
Guard Period

Uplink
Frequency
5MHz

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

UTRA FDD
– Requires the allocation of two frequency bands:
one for the uplink and another for the downlink.
– FDD radio units need duplexers in order to
separate the incoming and outgoing signals at
the antenna.
– FDD does not allocate efficiently the available
bandwidth for all types of services.

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

UTRA TDD
– TDD mode can use the same frequency band for
both the uplink and the downlink by allocating
distinct time slots to the two links .
– Each time slot can be allocated either to the uplink
or to the downlink.
– TDD terminals do not need duplexer hence have
less hardware complexity than FDD terminals.
– TDD requires better time synchronization between
the users than FDD
• the base station cannot be allowed to transmit
at the same time as the mobiles stations.
• a guard period must be included in the protocol
to make sure only one link is active at the same
time.
Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
UTRA TDD Characterics
• Utilization of unpair band;

• Asymmetric uplink/downlink capacity allocation;

Discontinuos transmission;
• Time
Downlink
Guard Period

Uplink
Frequency

• Interference between uplink and downlink;

• Reciprocal channel.
Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
UTRA TDD
• Combination of TDMA and CDMA
– TD/CDMA
• Direct Sequence CDMA (SS Technique)

Uplink (MS -> BS)

Downlink (BS -> MS) Time

Frequency

10 ms

5 MHz

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

UTRA TDD
Code

Time

Time

Frequency

10 ms

5 MHz

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

UTRA TDD Physical Channel Structure
TDD Frame 10ms (15 timeslots)

BS TX Part MS TX Part
Spreading Codes

GUARD PERIOD

DATA MIDAMBLE DATA

0,666 ms Burst
Slot
0,666*15=10ms

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

 UTRA TDD Frame
•
Structure
Switching point configurations
– Multiple-switching-point (symetric DL/UL
allocation)
10ms

– Multiple-switching-point (asymetric DL/UL

allocation)
10ms

– Single-switching-point (symetric DL/UL allocation)

10ms

– Single-switching-point (asymetric DL/UL

allocation) 10ms
Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
 Asymmetrical Capacity
Allocation
• Part of the slots must be fixed for
– Downlink: BCH and SCH
– Uplink: RACH
• Other slots could be allocated according to
need (DCA)

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Physical Channels
• A Physical Channel in TDD is a BURST
• A BURST is a combination of DATA part, a
MIDAMBLE and a GUARD PERIOD
• Several BURST can be transmitted at the
same time from one transmitter. The DATA
part must use different OVSF
channelisation codes (the same
scrambling code)
• The duration of a BURST is one time slot

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Bursts Types
• Burst Type 1
– Burst Type 1 can be used for up- and
downlink;
• Burst Type 2
– Burst Type 2 can be used for up- and
downlink;
• Burst
TrainingType
Sequence3
– Burst Type 3 is used for uplink only;

Traffic Burst, PRACH Burst, SCH Burst

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
Mapping of the Transport
Channels to Physical
Channels

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Power Control
• Power Control
– Low SF – low processing gain;
– Uplink – Open Loop;
– Downlink – SIR based closed inner loop.

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Dynamic Resource
Allocation
• FDD
– Code Allocation Strategies
• TDD
– Channel Allocation
– Resource Unit (RU) Allocation - timeslot
and code (frequency)
• Resource Allocation to cells (Slow
DCA)
• Resource Allocation to bearer Service
(Fast DCA)

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Dynamic Channel
Allocation
• Resource Allocation to cells (Slow DCA)
– RNC
• Resource Allocation to bearer Service
(Fast DCA)
– Base Station

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

 Dynamic Channel
Allocation (DCA) BS Nk

RNC
Slow DCA A Slow DCA N
BS N(k+1)

BS A1
Fast
DCA Nk

BS A2

Fast Fast
DCA A1 DCA N(k+1)

Fast
DCA A2

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

TDD Interference Scenario
High power
BS1 blocks MS2 in BS2

BS 1 R R R R T T T T T T T T T T

MS 1 T T T T R R R R R R R R R R

MS 2 T T T T T T T T R R R R R R
BS 1 BS 2
BS 2 R R R R R R R T T T T T T T

MS 1 MS 2

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Packet Access
• A packet service session contains one or
several PACKET CALLS depending on
application;
• PACKET CALLS constitues a BURSTY
SEQUENCE OF PACKETS;

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Packet Data Traffic
• Characteristics
– Session arrival process;
– Number of packet calls per session;
– Reading time between packets calls;
• Reading time starts when the last
packet of the packet call is completely
received by the user and ends when
user makes a request for the next
packet call.
– Time interval between two packets
inside a packet call;
– Packet size.
Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
Packet Data Traffic

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Non-real Time Packet
Service
• Characteristics from air interface point of
view
– Packet data is BURSTY;
– Packet data tolerates longer delay then
real-time services;
– Packets can be retransmited by Radio
Link Control (RLC).

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

WCDMA Packet Access
• Packet allocations in WCDMA are
controlled by the PACKET SCHEDULER
(PS)
• Packet Scheduler Functions
– Divide the avaiable air interface

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Packet Data Service
• Model of Operation in WCDMA (uplink)
– Packet data can be transmited in three
ways
• Packet transmission on the RACH;
• Packet transmission on a dedicated
channel;
• Packet transmission on a dedicated
channel (when there is already a
dedicated channel available).

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Packet Transmission on the
RACH
• Packet is included in the message part of
the access burst;
• If there is a small amount of data to
transmit;
– Short message service;
– Short text-only e-mails.
• No explicit reservation is carried out;
• No explicit channel assignment is needed;
• Risk of collisions on the common RACH;
• Not power-controlled.

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit

Packet Transmission on Dedicated
Channels
• MS first sends a resource request
message, indicating what type of traffic is
to be transmitted;
• Network evaluates whether the MS can be
assigned the necessary resource;
– YES
• A resource allocation message (RAM)
is transmitted on the FACH.
• RAM consists of a set of transport formats
and the specification of a dedicated
channel to use for the packet transmission,
• (out of this set) MS will use one transport
format to transmit the data on a DCH;
Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
Packet Transmission on Dedicated
Channels (cont.)
• EXACTLY which transport format the MS may
use and at what time the MS may initiate its
transmission is EITHER transmitted TOGETHER
with RAM (traffic load is low) OR is indicated in
a separate capacity-allocation message AT
LATER TIME;

• The second alternative is used in cases where

the load is high AND the MS is not allowed to
immediately transmit the the packet;
Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit
Packet transmission on a dedicated channel (when
there is already a dedicated channel available).

• It is used when there is already a

dedicated channel available;
• MS can then either issue a capacity
request on the DCH, when the MS has a
large amount of data to transmit OR simply
start

Telecommunications and Multimedia Unit