Relations & Functions

AXB

Relation

Function
 A B
Relations -1 1

& Functions
1 3
2 4

Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product If A & B are 2 sets
• Relation & A = { -1 , 1 , 2 } & B = { 1 , 3 , 4 }
• Arrow Diagram Then the Cartesian Product of A & B
• Graphs is the set of ordered pair
• Domain
•
={ ( x , y ) : x  A & y  B }
Range
• Codomain =AXB
• Function = { -1 , 1 , 2 } X { 1 , 3 , 4 }
• Vertical Line Test = { (-1,1), (-1,3), (-1,4),
(1,1), (1,3), (1,4),
(2,1), (2,3), (2,4) }
Relations
City State
& Functions
Agra
Vocabulary Assam
Chandigarh
• Cartesian Product Haryana
• Relation Kolkata
Punjab
• Arrow Diagram Mumbai
• West Bengal
Graphs
• Domain
• Range
• Codomain R = a Relation - “is capital of”
• R={(Chandigarh, Haryana), (Chandigarh, Punjab),
Function
(Kolkata, West Bengal)}
• Vertical Line Test
where:
City={Agra, Chandigarh, Kolkata, Mumbai}
State={Assam, Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal}
Relations
& Functions A Relation R
Vocabulary is a SET of ORDERED PAIR
• Cartesian Product e.g. R={(-1,1),(1,1),(2,4)}
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram
• Graphs
R is also a subset of A X B
• Domain where
• Range A = { -1 , 1 , 2 } & B = { 1 , 3 , 4 }
• Codomain &AXB
• Function = { (-1,1), (-1,3), (-1,4), (1,1), (1,3),
• Vertical Line Test
(1,4), (2,1), (2,3), (2,4) }
We can note: R  AXB
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary A Relation R
• Cartesian Product
is a SET of ORDERED PAIR
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram e.g. R={(-1,1),(1,1),(2,4)}
• Graphs
• Domain R can also defined as
• Range R={(x,y): xA & yB & x2=y}
• Codomain
• Function
• where A = { -1, 1, 2} & B = { 1, 3, 4}
Vertical Line Test
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
• Relation Type of Relation:
• Arrow Diagram
• Graphs
• Domain
• Range
• Codomain
• Function
• Vertical Line Test
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram
• Graphs
• Domain A Relation R
• Range is a SET of ORDERED PAIR
• Codomain e.g. R={(-1,1),(1,1),(2,4)}
• Function
• Vertical Line Test
where A = { -1, 1, 2} & B = { 1, 3, 4}
Relations
& Functions A Relation R
Vocabulary is a SET of ORDERED PAIR
• Cartesian Product e.g. R={(-1,1),(1,1),(2,4)}
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram R can also be represented
• Graphs by/on a graph as follows:
• Domain

B axis
• Range
• Codomain
• Function
• Vertical Line Test
A axis
Relations Thus a Relation can be
& Functions drawn or written down
Vocabulary As follows:
• Cartesian Product R = { ( x , y) : x , y  N & y = f(x) }
• Relation SET BUILDER FORM

• Arrow Diagram R = { ( -2 , 1 ) , ( -2 , 3 ) , ( 0 , -3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) }
• Graphs ROSTER FORM : Relation as Set of Ordered Pairs

• Domain
• Range
• Codomain
• Function
• Vertical Line Test
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram Domain INPUT
• Graphs **The domain is the set of x values
• Domain
• Range What is the domain in the below relation?
• Codomain {(1, 1), (-1, 1), (2, 4)}
• Function
• Vertical Line Test

Domain: {1 , -1 , 2}
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram Range OUTPUT
• Graphs **The range is the set of y values
• • What is the range in the below relation?
Domain
• Range
• Codomain • {(1, 1), (-1, 1), (2, 4)}
• Function
• Vertical Line Test

• Range: {1, 4}
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
•
•
Relation CoDomain
Arrow Diagram
• Graphs of a Relation
•
•
Domain
Range
is the Image Set
• Codomain B={1,3,4}
• Function Note:
• Vertical Line Test Range is a subset of CoDomain
or
Range  CoDomain
Relations
& Functions CASE I CASE II

Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram CASE III CASE IV

• Graphs
•
•
Domain
Range
a Function
• Codomain is a special
• Function
• Relation
Vertical Line Test
having following characteristics
EVERY element of A has an UNIQUE image in B
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram
• Graphs
• Domain
• Range
• Codomain
• Function
• Vertical Line Test

Inverse function
Relations
& Functions
Vocabulary
• Cartesian Product
• Relation
• Arrow Diagram
• Graphs
• Domain
• Range
• Codomain
• Function
• Vertical Line Test
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
Relations & Functions

AXB Class XI
NCERT
Relation Solutions

Function Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
Relations & Functions

AXB Class XI
NCERT
Relation Solutions

Function Chapter 2
Exercise 2.2
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.2
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.2
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.2
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.2
Let us review the terms Relation
again !
 We will learn how to link pairs of objects from two sets and
then introduce relations b/w the two objects in the pair.
 AXB = { (a,b): a ε A, b ε B} for non-empty sets A,B
 otherwise AXB=φ,
 this is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from A and B.
 n(AXB)=n(A)Xn(B)

 AXB,BXA are not equal (not commutative).

 AXBXC = {(a,b,c):aεA,bεB,cεC} is called
 set of all ordered triplets for non-empty sets.
 n(AXBXC) =n(A)Xn(B)Xn(C)
 AX(BXC)=(AXB)XC=AXBXC.
 AXBXC,CXBXA are not equal (not commutative).
 Let P,Q be two sets then a relation R from P to Q is a subset of
PXQ.
 Example: If A={a,b,c,d},B={p,q,r,s},then which of the following
are relations
(i) R1={(a,p),(b,r),(c,s)}
(ii) R2 ={(q,b),(c,s),(d,r)}
 Solution: R1is a relation because R1is the subset of AXB but R2 is
the not the relation of AXB because (q,b)εR2 but not in AXB.(R2 is not
a subset of AXB)
 Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to B is the
number of possible subsets of AXB.
 If n(A)=P , n(B)=q , then total number of relations is 2pq
OR total number of subsets of AXB.

 Example: If A is finite set having n elements, then

number of relations on A -> A is
the
 Answer nxn
 2
Inverse Function is a relation from B to A defined by
{ (b,a) :(a,b)εR}
 State the domain and range of the following
relation. Is the relation a function?
{(2, –3), (4, 6), (3, –1), (6, 6), (2, 3)}

they gave me two points with the same x-value: (2, –3) and
(2,3). Since x = 2 gives me two possible destinations, then
this relation is not a function.
domain: {2, 3, 4, 6}
range: {–3, –1, 3, 6}

Relations
A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, often
written as ordered pairs (input, output). We can
also represent a relation as a mapping diagram
or a graph. For example, the relation can be
represented as:
* If output has
one more
unmapped
element
say 5 then output becomes codomain

then Range is the subset of codomain

5
Range ={-2,1,2,4} and Codomain ={-
Functions
How can you tell if a relation is a function?

 Mapping
 Domain does NOT repeat values,
but range CAN
 Vertical Line Test
Functions
How can you tell if a relation is a function?

 Mapping

With mapping, we will check to see if every

value of x (Domain) has only one
mapping to a y value.
 In Figure 1,
3 is mapped to 5
and 6…thus
making this NOT
A FUNCTION!
 In Figure 2,
All values in the
domain are mapped
to different range
values…thus
making this A
FUNCTION!
Are Figures 3 & 4
Function?

Figure 3 is a
Function!

Figure 4 is NOT a
Function!
Functions
How can you tell if a relation is a function?

 Domain does NOT repeat values

{(1, 2), (-1, 3), (-2, -5)}

Is this a Function?
Do the x values repeat?

No, the x values do not repeat…thus,

this IS A FUNCTION!
Functions
How can you tell if a relation is a function?

 Domain does NOT repeat values

{(-1, 2), (-1, 3), (-2, -5)}

Is this a Function?
Do the x values repeat?

Yes, the x values do repeat…thus,

this IS NOT A FUNCTION!

Functions
How can you tell if a relation is a function?

 Vertical Line Test

A Vertical line goes in

an Up and Down
direction.
Functions
How can you tell if a relation is a function?

 Vertical Line Test

Does a vertical line cross through

this graph more than once? 1

If so, then this relation 2

(graph) is NOT a function!

Not A
FUNCTION
Each graph to the
right
IS A
FUNCTION!
Notice the
vertical line?
It is only crossing
the graphs once
VERTICALLY!
Each graph to the
right
IS NOT A
FUNCTION!
Notice the
vertical line?
It is
crossing
each of the
graphs more than
once
VERTICALLY!
 A relation f from a set A to B is said to be a function if every element of set

A has unique image in set B. Or f : A→ B s.t. f(a) = b for all aεA , b is

image

of a and a is pre image of b under f.

Types of Functions and their Graphs
Signum function

Modulus function
f(x) = |x|
 Reciprocal function f(x) = [x], x εR
is called the greatest
integer function or the
Domain = R – {0} ceiling function.
Range = R – {0} Domain=R , Range =Z.

Square root function

f : R → R (x > 0) such that

Domain =Range is set of all positive

real numbers.
 State the domain and range of the following relation.
Is the relation a function?
{(–3, 5), (–2, 5), (–1, 5), (0, 5), (1, 5), (2, 5)}

domain: {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

range: {5}
this relation is indeed a function.

ARROW DIGRAMS are given

below : State in each case ,whether it is a
function or not ?
 f : R → R defined by f(x) = x2
Domain = R , Range = [0,∞)

Graph of f : R → R such that f(x) = |x-1|

Graph of f : R → R such that f(x) = |x+1|

Draw a graph of the function defined by f(x) =

Draw a graph of f : R → R defined by f(x) = |x-2|

Ques. If f : R → R Be defined by f(x) = x2 +2x+1 then find

(i) f(-1) x f(1) ,is f(-1)+f(1)=f(0)
(ii) f(2) x f(3) , is f(2) x f(3)=f(6)

Q.1 Find the domain of f(x) = [Hint R-{2,6} ]

NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Questions:
Relations & Functions

AXB Class XI
NCERT
Relation Solutions

Function Chapter 2
Exercise 2.3
 Class XI Note:

NCERT X  [1…6] = 1 < = X < = 6

Solutions X  (1…6] = 1 < X < = 6

X  [1…6) = 1 < = X < 6

Chapter 2 X  (1…6) = 1 < X < 6

Exercise 2.3
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.3
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.3
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.3
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.3
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.3
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Exercise 2.3
NCERT Text Book Solved Miscellaneous Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Miscellaneous Questions:
NCERT Text Book Solved Miscellaneous Questions:
Relations & Functions

AXB Class XI
NCERT
Relation
Solutions

Chapter 2
Function
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI Note:
NCERT X  [1…6] = 1 < = X < = 6

Solutions X  (1…6] = 1 < X < = 6

X  [1…6) = 1 < = X < 6

Chapter 2 X  (1…6) = 1 < X < 6

Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
 Class XI
NCERT
Solutions

Chapter 2
Miscellaneous
Exercise
Let us do something Extra!
 A relation R in a set A is
(i) reflexive, if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈
called
A,
(ii) symmetric, if (a, b) ∈ R implies that (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A.
(iii)transitive, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R implies that (a, c) ∈ R, for all
a, b, c ∈ A.
Example : Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given by
R = {(T1, T2) : T1 is congruent to T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
R is reflexive, since every triangle is congruent to itself. Further,(T1, T2) ∈ R
⇒ T1 is congruent to T2 ⇒ T2 is congruent to T1 ⇒ (T2, T1) ∈ R. Hence,R is
symmetric. Moreover, (T1, T2), (T2, T3) ∈ R ⇒ T1 is congruent to T2 and T2
congruent to T3 ⇒ T1 is congruent to T3 ⇒ (T1, T3) ∈ R. Therefore, R is an
equivalence relation.
Example: Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation in L defined
as
R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is perpendicular to L2}. Show that R is symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive or in other words we can say it is not an equivalence
relation.
If L1 is perpendicular to L2 and L2 is perpendicular to L3, then L1 can
never be perpendicular to L3. In fact, L1 is parallel to L3, i.e., (L1, L2) ∈ R,
(L2, L3) ∈ R but (L1, L3) ∉ R. It is not transitive and cannot be
equivalence relation also.
 Find whether the following relations R in sets A a re:
(i) reflexive, if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈
A,
(ii) symmetric, if (a, b) ∈ R implies that (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A.
(iii)transitive, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
implies that (a, c) ∈ R, for all a, b, c ∈ A.

(1) A = N & xRy  x is smaller than and equals to y (OR x<=y )

(2) A = N & xRy  x is greater than y (OR x>y )
(3) A = students in a school & xRy  x is a student of y ‘s school
(4) A = a society & xRy  x belongs to the family of y
(5) A = Straight lines on a plane & xRy  x is parallel to y
(6) A = Straight lines on a plane & xRy  x is perpendicular to y
(7) A = a family & xRy  x is mother of y
(8) A = a family & xRy  x is brother of y
(9) A = set of all triangles & xRy  x has same area as of y
(10)A = set of all triangles & xRy  x is similar to y
Thank You !