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Urinepractical 200121115146
Urinepractical 200121115146
Amit Jha
Lecturer
UCMS, Bhairahawa
• Urine
• Physical
• Chemical
• Microscopic
MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE
Color
Clarity
Odor
Volume
Specific gravity
pH
Color:
Colorless Dark
High fluid intake Low fluid intake
Use of diuretic Excessive sweating
DM Dehydration (burns, fever)
DI
Alcohol
Abnormal colour of urine
Black Alkaptonuria
Milky +nce of Chyle
Cola Nephritic syndrome
11
Clarity (Transparency)
• Normal urine clear or transparent
• Any turbidity will indicate +nce of either of the following:
• WBCs (pus).
• RBCs
• Epithelial cells
• Bacteria
• Casts
• Crystals
• Lymph
• Semen
• Phosphate
ODOR
Normal fresh urine Faint aromatic odor d/t +nce of volatile acids
Standing for long time Ammoniac odor
Bacterial action of pus (UTI) Offensive odor
Ketoacidosis Fruity odor
Phenylketonurea Mousy odor
VOLUME
Sugar Non-sugar
Glucose [DM, Endocrine disorder] CHCl3, Formaldehyde [preservative]
Lactose [Pregnancy, Lactation] Homogentistic acid
Fructose Ascorbic acid
Hyperglycemic glycosuria
• Blood glucose > Renal threshold for glucose →
glycosuria
• Occurs in Endocrinal disorder
» DM
» Cushing’s syndrome
» Hyperpituitarism
» Hyperadrenalism
• Alimentary Glycosuria
High glucose intake at once for > 1 week
↓
↓ed tolerance of body for glucose
↓
Glycosuria
Renal glycosuria
Defect in renal tubule
↓
Subsequent lowered renal threshold for glucose
↓
Glycosuria
• Occurs in:
– RTA
– Heavy metal poisoning
– Fanconi’s Syndrome
Benedict’s Test
• General test for Reducing sugars
• Reagent’s composition:
26
Benedict’s Test
• Copper reduction test in alkaline medium
• Principle:
– Reducing sugars under alkaline medium, tautomerise
to form enediols (powerful reducing agent), which
reduces Cu++ to Cu+.
CuSO4 → Cu++ + SO4--
Cu++ + Na-citrate → Cu-Na-citrate complex
Reducing sugar → Enediol
Enediol + Cu++ → Cu+ + sugar acids
Cu+ + OH- → CuOH
2 CuOH → Cu2O (↓)
27
• Procedure
– 5mL of Benedict’s reagent was taken in a test tube.
– 8 drops of urine was added.
– Mixed well.
– Boiled for 2 min
– Cooled & color was observed.
Observation Inference
Sample A
Sample B
Benedict’s Test
29
KETONURIA
• Usually found ketone bodies in human body & urine are:-
– Characteristics feature:
• Precipitate at 40-60°C
• Precipitate dissolve at 100°C.
• Precipitate reappear on cooling
Observation Inference
Sample A
Sample B
• Heller’s test
– Principle: Conc. HNO3 form acid meta protein in
reaction with protein to form precipitate at the interface.
– Procedure
• 3 mL of conc. HNO3 was taken in a test tube.
• 2 mL of urine was added along the side wall of tube.
Observation Inference
Sample A
Sample B
• Bile pigments found in urine
• Significance of bilirubinuria
– Only conjugated bilirubin appears in urine.
– It occurs with even minimal degree of jaundice &
may be detected before clinical jaundice is evident.
• Fouchet’s test
– Reagents:
• 10% BaCl2
• Fouchet’s reagent [FeCl3 in TCA]
– Principle:
• BaCl2 react with sulphate radicals in urine to form
BaSO4.
• Bile pigment gets adhered toBaSO4.
• Bilirubin (yellow) is oxidised to biliverdin (green)
with FeCl3 in presence of TCA.
• Fouchet’s test
– Procedure:
• 5 mL of urine was taken in a test tubr.
• 5 mL of BaCl2 & pinch of MgSO4 was added to it.
• Filter & dry the filter paper.
• Few drops of fouchet’s reagent was added to filter
paper & was dried.
Observation Inference
Sample A
Sample B
• Bile salts found in urine
– Na-taurocholate
– Na-glycocholate
• Bile salt appear in urine in obstructive jaundice.
Hay’s surface tension test [Sulphor test]
• Reagent:
– Sulphor powder
• Principle:
– Presence of bile salts ↓es surface tension of urine
allowing sulphor powder to sink.
Observation Inference
Sample A
Sample B
• Determination of bile pigment & bile salt in urine is useful
in differential diagnosis of Jaundice.
– 3% H2O2
Benzidine test
• Principle:
– Heme has peroxidase like property causing H2O2 to
release nascent oxygen that reacts with benzidine
solution to give greenish/ bluish color.
Malaria
Septicemia [hemolytic streptococcal infection]
Sickle cell anemia
Thallasemia
Incompatible blood transfusion
Effect of chemicals on RBC [Sulphonamide, Phenylhydrazine, Arsenic, etc]
• Myoglobinuria
Injury to cardiac/ skeletal muscle
↓
Mb released
↓
Excreted via urine
• Mb: toxic to kidney [high concentration may lead to Acute
renal failure.
MI
Infarction of large skeletal muscle
Muscle damage [Injury, Electric shock, Heat stroke]
Trauma