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12-Fault Locator With 2 Ended Measurement
12-Fault Locator With 2 Ended Measurement
measurement
Power Transmission
and Distribution
©
Siemens AG 2006
Fault Locator: Load and Fault Resistance
ILoad
ZLA ZLB VA VB
IA IB
VA RF VB IA
IB
Seite 2 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Fault Locator: 2 ended with transmission line equation
IA RL XL RL XL IB
CL CL CL CL
RL XL CL
VA RF VB
are distributed
positive sequence
VA
VB line resistance,
inductance and
capacitance
VRF
IA R’ X’ R’ X’ IB
C’ C’
R’ X’ C’
VA RF VB
are positive
sequence line
VA
VB resistance,
inductance and
capacitance
V(x) per km
VRF
x
V x V A cosh x Z I A sinh x
R ' jL' characteristi
R' jL' jC ' Propagation Z
jC ' c
constant
impedance
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 4 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Fault Locator: comparison of results from both line ends
IA R’ X’ R’ X’ IB
C’ C’ The measured
VA RF VB current and
voltage signals at
end A and B are
VA transmitted via
VB communication
interface and then
synchronised at
VA(x) VB(y) each line end.
VRF
x y
x , y V A x V B y ideally : x, y 0
R’ X’ C’
IA Rc’ Xc’ R’OHL X’OHL Rc’ Xc’ line/cable
IB
resistance,
Cc’ C’OHL Cc’ inductance and
VA VB capacitance
per km for each
line section must
be set
VA RF
VB
V(x) VRF
x
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 6 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Fault Locator: Non-symmetrical and Non-transposed
lines
L1 L1
d
d
L2 L3 d L2
L1 L2 L3
L3
dA dA dA
Non-symmetrical Symmetrical
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 8 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Example: Single and 2 end fault locator –
Influence of load current and fault resistance
ILoad
ZLA ZLB
IA IB
VA RF VB
RF = 30 Ohm
ILoad = 300 A (10° between sources)
ZLA = ZLB = 2 + j15 Ohm (fault at 50%)
Line length = 100 km
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 9 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Measured single end fault location (L1-G with fault
resistance 30 Ohm and load current 300 A)
Z line
Single end
measurement from end
Error + 14 km B 6 4%
19,2
Fault
location 50
km = 50% 12,8
Error -7 km 43%
Single end
measurement
from end A
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 10 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Measured 2 end fault location (L1-G with fault
resistance 30 Ohm and load current 300 A)
Measuring error
due to load and
fault resistance is
eliminated
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 11 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Example: Single and 2 end fault locator –
Influence parallel line (mutual coupling of zero
sequence)
ILoad
VA ZLA ZLB
ZM0
ZLP
ZM0 = 15 + j100
ILoad = 300 A (10° between sources)
ZLA = ZLB = 2 + j15 Ohm (fault at 50%)
Line length = 100 km
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 12 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Measured single end fault location (L1-G with zero
sequence mutual impedance of parallel line)
Z line
Error + 27 km 77% Single end
measurement
from end B
Fault location
50 km = 50%
Error -9 km
Single end
measurement
41%
from end A
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 13 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution
Measured 2 end fault location (L1-G with fault
resistance 30 Ohm and load current 300 A)
Measuring error
due to zero
sequence mutual
coupling is
eliminated
©
Siemens AG 2006
Seite 14 Fault locator with 2 ended measurement Power Transmission and Distribution