FOUNDATION OF

SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
CHOOSE FACTS
TRY
TOPIC IS ANIMAL

A. B.
"Animals have "All animals are capable
demonstrated complex of understanding human
social behaviors, such as languages and can
communication, communicate with
cooperation, and even humans in meaningful
empathy, across various ways."
species."
The correct answer is:

A.
"Animals have demonstrated complex social
behaviors, such as communication, cooperation,
and even empathy, across various species."
TOPIC: PSYCHOLOGY

A. B.
"Psychoanalysis, "Psychology encompasses
developed by Sigmund the scientific study of
Freud, is the only behavior and mental
approach used in modern processes, exploring topics
psychology to understand ranging from cognition and
human behavior." emotion to social interactions
and development."
TOPIC: PSYCHOLOGY

B.
"Psychology encompasses the scientific study of behavior
and mental processes, exploring topics ranging from
cognition and emotion to social interactions and
development."
TOPIC: TECHNOLOGY

A. B.
"Technology has "All technological
significantly improved advancements are beneficial
global connectivity, and have no negative impacts
allowing people around on society."
the world to communicate
instantly and access vast
amounts of information."
TOPIC: TECHNOLOGY

A.
"Technology has significantly improved global
connectivity, allowing people around the world to
communicate instantly and access vast amounts of
information."
TOPIC: SPECIAL EDUCATION
A.
"Special education involves
individualized educational
programs designed to meet the
unique needs of students with
disabilities, ensuring they
receive appropriate support
and accommodations."
B.
"Special education
segregates students with
disabilities from mainstream
education, hindering their
social and academic
development."
TOPIC: SPECIAL EDUCATION

A.
"Special education involves individualized educational programs
designed to meet the unique needs of students with disabilities,
ensuring they receive appropriate support and accommodations."
TOPIC: DIVERSITY
A.
"Diversity in a workplace or
educational setting always
leads to conflict and decreases
productivity."
B.
"Diversity encompasses a
wide range of differences
among individuals, including
race, ethnicity, gender, sexual
orientation, socio-economic
status, abilities, and more."
TOPIC: DIVERSITY

B.
"Diversity encompasses a wide range of differences among
individuals, including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation,
socio-economic status, abilities, and more."
TOPIC: MULTICULTURAL
A.
"Multiculturalism refers to the
coexistence of diverse cultural
groups within a society,
fostering respect,
understanding, and
appreciation for different
cultural backgrounds."
B.
"Multiculturalism promotes
cultural assimilation, where
minority cultures are
expected to conform to the
dominant culture."
TOPIC: MULTICULTURAL

A.
"Multiculturalism refers to the coexistence of diverse cultural groups
within a society, fostering respect, understanding, and appreciation for
different cultural backgrounds."
FOUNDATION OF
SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
TOPIC 1: THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN
TEACHING SPECIAL EDUCATION
TOPIC 2: MULTICULTURAL DIVERSITY
AND SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS
TOPIC 3: THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN
SPECIAL EDUCATION
 Understand psychological
principles

Apply psychological
OBJECTIVES assessments

Develop intervention strategies

 TOPIC 1: THE ROLE
OF PSYCHOLOGY IN
SPECIAL EDUCATION
 PSYCHOLOGY
• Is the scientific study of the human mind and behaviors.The practice
emphasizes social, environmental, and biological factors that can
influence how we think, behave, and learn. When it comes to the
“learning” aspect of psychology, there have been significant
breakthroughs over the years for teaching children with behavioral
disorders and disabilities. man mind and behaviors
 THE THINGS THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY IN SPECIAL
EDUCATION
1. Background of Educational Psychology
2. What does a School Psychologist Do?
3. The Importance of Psychology in Special Education
4. How Psychology improves learning for students who need special
attention
EDUCATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
BACKGROUND
 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
BACKGROUND
• It focuses primarily on how people learn, as well as the problems and
processes that influence education. If we can understand how different
people think, absorb, and retain information, we can adjust the
general teaching process and improve the educational system.

• This ensures that all students, regardless of ability or environment, can

be taught in a way that accommodates the way they learn. For students
with disorders, disabilities, or developmental challenges, the concepts of
educational psychology can improve their overall learning experience
 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
BACKGROUND
• As a result, educational psychology has played a key role in some of the
most significant advances in special education. This includes the idea of
integrating students with different abilities into the general
education classroom environment

• The roots of educational psychology date back to the days of Plato and
Aristotle. But it was Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, who founded
some of the most important principles for psychology and education.
 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
BACKGROUND
• Jean Piaget’s work on child development in the 1920s established that
knowledge cannot merely be taught. Even when educators present
information effectively, students must actively engage and retain the
material themselves.

• Piaget’s theories shaped the way we approach special education in the

modern era. He pioneered concepts like the constructivist theory and
cognitive learning theory.
 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
BACKGROUND
• The constructivist theory asserts that children learn by constructing
knowledge upon their existing understanding. A fundamental principle
of this theory is cooperative learning, which suggests that students can
better grasp information and solve problems when working
collaboratively in groups.

• Hence, it is crucial for students of varying learning abilities to

participate in general education classrooms. Without insights from
educational psychology, these principles would not have been identified.
 THE ROLE OF
SCHOOL
PSYCHOLOGIST
 THE ROLE OF SCHOOL
PSYCHOLOGIST
• School psychologists are professionals trained to work directly
with teachers, families, students, and children of all ages. They
can work with preschool kids through adolescent ages and
everything in between. Essentially, a school psychologist can
be put in a position to work with all personnel in the school
system to ensure every student has a positive educational
experience.
 THE ROLE OF SCHOOL
PSYCHOLOGIST
• Becoming a school psychologist is challenging. Usually, you need at
least a master’s degree, and sometimes a Ph.D. is required for school
jobs. You must also get certified by the NASP (National Association of
School Psychologists), the main organization for school psychologists in
the U.S. They have tough standards to earn your NCSP (Nationally
Certified School Psychologist) credentials.
 KEY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST
Consultation
• School psychologists to work collaboratively with parents, teachers, and school
administrators. They can provide insights into learning concepts, student behaviour,
and potential social problems that need to be addressed. A psychologist will help
other people understand childhood development and how those concepts translate to
learning, behaviour, and education.

• These consultations may extend to formal education sessions. Some psychologists

will provide seminars or lessons related to parenting skills, working with gifted
students, and even classroom management strategies for teachers.
 KEY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST
Assessments
• They will work closely with both teachers and parents to evaluate student
behavior, academic skills, learning abilities, and more. A school psychologist may
be the first person who recommends or determines a child’s eligibility for a special
education program. This role goes beyond a basic assessment and typically
extends to counseling, behavior management, social skills training, and more.
• School psychologists can help students and families dealing with powerful
emotions and tough times. For example, a student might meet with a school
psychologist if their parents are separating or they just experienced the loss of a
loved one.
 KEY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST
Research
• A significant part of a psychologist’s job is research. In addition to
recommending different programs or strategies for students, they’ll
also monitor and reflect on how effective those recommendations
are.

• They may also conduct independent research to develop new

theories about the way children behave and learn in school
environments
 THE
IMPORTANCE OF
PSYCHOLOGY IN
SPECIAL
EDUCATION
 THE IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
• The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has
revolutionized the way children with special needs are treated in the
school systems. It guarantees every child with disabilities access to a
free and appropriate public education.

• When the act was revised in 2004, it forced educators to shift their focus
on the student as opposed to the disorder. As a result, more students in
special education programs are spending the majority of their time in the
general classroom setting.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
• While this presents some challenges for teachers, psychological concepts can
be applied to reach students of all learning abilities. With the help of school
psychologists, educators can apply what they’ve learned in the classroom
setting and help ensure that every child in the room is retaining information.

• Cooperative learning. This principle of psychology says that students will

have an easier time learning, solving problems, and retaining information if
they work in groups. So all students, regardless of their abilities, can work
collaboratively in the classroom. This drives engagement and empowers
students to take control over their own learning experience.
HOW PSYCHOLOGY
IMPROVES
LEARNING FOR
STUDENTS WHO
NEEDS SPECIAL
• By the help of psychology, educators now understand that most
students with disabilities can achieve high academic standards.
These students can be held to the same expectations as their
peers, provided their unique needs are accommodated.
• In essence, students requiring additional support are not
receiving an inferior education. By following psychological
guidance, teachers and parents can adjust teaching methods to
ensure all children have an equitable opportunity to learn,
regardless of their abilities
• Teachers can design lessons and teaching approaches
tailored to accommodate the strengths and weaknesses
of diverse students in the classroom. Students needing
extra support can participate in group activities and
attend regular lessons alongside their peers. While
individualized attention, accommodations, or
adjustments may still be necessary, promoting an
inclusive learning environment remains paramount.
 CONCLUSION
• Psychology plays a crucial role in understanding the learning and
behavioral needs of students in special education. It helps educators
apply effective teaching strategies tailored to individual needs, such as
behavioral interventions and personalized learning plans. Psychology
also informs assessments to gauge students' progress and adjust teaching
methods accordingly.
TOPIC 2:
MULTICULTURAL
DIVERSITY AND SPECIAL
EDUCATION NEEDS
 MULTICULTURAL DIVERSITY IN
SPECIAL EDUCATION
Cultural Sensitivity and
Awareness Language and Communication
• Educators and policymakers recognize the • Multicultural diversity includes linguistic
importance of understanding cultural diversity. Students from diverse linguistic
differences when addressing special backgrounds may require specialized
education needs. Different cultures may support in language development,
have unique perspectives on disabilities, communication skills, and accessing
education, and the role of families in educational resources in their native
supporting students with special needs. language.
 MULTICULTURAL DIVERSITY IN
SPECIAL EDUCATION

Cultural Factors in Assessment and Identification

• The process of identifying and assessing students with
special education needs must consider cultural factors.
Differences in cultural norms, communication styles, and
familial beliefs about disabilities can influence how students
are identified for special education services.

Barriers to Access and Equity
• Cultural and linguistic barriers can create
challenges in accessing appropriate special
education services. Lack of culturally
responsive teaching practices and language
barriers may hinder effective
communication and understanding between
educators, students, and families.
CHALLENGES AND
CONSIDERATIONS
Intersectionality
• Intersectionality refers to how different
aspects of a person's identity, such as race,
ethnicity, language, socio-economic status,
and disability, intersect to shape their
experiences and needs. Understanding
these intersections is crucial for providing
inclusive and equitable educational
opportunities.
 CHALLENGES AND
CONSIDERATIONS

Collaboration with Families and Communities

• Engaging families and communities from diverse cultural
backgrounds is essential. Collaborative efforts help in
understanding the cultural context of students' lives and
developing effective strategies to support their educational
and developmental needs.
 BEST PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES

Culturally Responsive Teaching Professional Development

• Educators can implement culturally
responsive teaching practices that
recognize and celebrate diversity in the
classroom. This includes integrating
diverse perspectives into curriculum, using
culturally relevant teaching materials, and
valuing students' cultural backgrounds.
• Providing ongoing professional
development for educators on multicultural
competence and special education needs is
essential. Training should address cultural
awareness, effective communication
strategies, and inclusive teaching practices.
 BEST PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES

Policy and Advocacy

• Advocating for policies that promote equity and
inclusion in special education is crucial. Policies
should address cultural and linguistic diversity,
provide resources for culturally responsive practices,
and ensure equitable access to educational
opportunities for all students.
 FRAMEWORK
FOR
MULTICULTURAL
EDUCATION
 OVERVIEW OF
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
• Aims to make meaningful changes to the curriculum
• Reforms educational institutions in a way that empowers
individuals from diverse cultures and backgrounds
• Highlights Cultural Diversity and Ethnic backgrounds

Teaching to diverse students for equality.

 FRAMEWORK FOR
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
1. Content Integration
- Naturally infuse content relevant to the cultures and
backgrounds of your students into the curriculum

2. Knowledge Design
- Discuss and analyze the cultural frames of reference, biases,
generalizations, and assumptions, and views
 FRAMEWORK FOR
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
3. Prejudice Reduction
- Students develop appreciation and understanding of other cultures by
recognizing negative strategies.

4. Equity Pedagogy
- Teachers plan their lessons using various instructional strategies that are
beneficial to diverse cultures.
MULTICULTURAL
CURRICULUM M
APPROACHES
 MULTICULTURAL CURRICULUM
M APPROACHES

1. Contributions – Cultural heroes and ethic artifacts are added to

the curriculum during holiday or specific lessons.
2. Additive – In-dept content, themes, and perspectives are added to
the curriculum without making changes.
3. Transformation – the curriculum is changes/ transformed in a
way that focuses on the perspectives of diverse cultures.
4. Social Action – curriculum allows students to recognize vital
social issues and take action to solve these issues.
 CONCLUSION
• Addressing multicultural diversity in special education involves
recognizing and respecting cultural differences among students and their
families. It emphasizes culturally responsive teaching practices that
incorporate diverse perspectives and values. This approach promotes
inclusivity, enhances communication between educators and families,
and ensures equitable access to educational resources and support.
TOPIC 3: THE USE OF
TECHNOLOGY IN
SPECIAL EDUCATION
 APPLICATION AND SOLUTIONS
• To regulate such relationships between a person and international
organizations, there are dozens of specialized commissions creating laws and
standards.

• The educational standards claim that students with disabilities should be

provided with opportunities to realize their potential. They should participate
in education and training on the same basis as students without disabilities
and that they are not subject to discrimination. Due to the progress in the IT
industry, digital technologies are easily accessible and widespread which
allows using them for providing students with new opportunities.
 HOW MODERN TECHNOLOGY HELPS
STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
• Due to the high diversity of types of disabilities, the best possible outcome can be
guaranteed by the use of custom-made solutions designed according to the requirements of a
particular group of students.

• Special technology allows increasing the independence of a particular student freeing him
from the constant need for direct teacher involvement. As a result, a student can choose the
speed of learning that is convenient for him which leads to more personalized learning.
When a student doesn’t inhibit the learning process for the whole group, it allows reducing
the anxiety level which plays a significant role in education as well. Implementation of
technologies in special education allows simplifying the communication and improve the
academic skills of students with disabilities.
• “Technology makes it possible
for a classroom to be enhanced
with individual learning events,
allowing instructors to provide
greater flexibility and
differentiation in instruction.
Teachers can use technology to
offer a variety of learning
opportunities and approaches
that engage, instruct, and support
special education students with a
myriad of tactics designed to
appeal to individual learners. No
longer are students stuck in a
classroom they don’t understand,
trying to learn at a pace they
can’t keep up with or participate
in.” – Edmentum (Company)
APPLYING TECHNOLOGY
IN SPECIAL EDUCATION:
BREAKING THE BARRIERS
 APPLYING TECHNOLOGY IN SPECIAL
EDUCATION: BREAKING THE BARRIERS
• Using technical tools intended for human speech recognition and synthesizing, you can
avoid the necessity to use paper and pen during the lessons. Such technology would be also
helpful for students with disorders that don’t allow to process visual information correctly.
• The adaptive computing technology allows using digital devices to bypass challenging tasks.
Screen reader applications such as JAWS along with specially designed Braille keyboards
allow visually challenged students to use the computer.
• Augmentative communication systems help students with speech problems to overcome the
communication barrier. Such systems use picture charts, books, and specialized computers
providing functions of word-prediction for more effective communication.
FROM ISSUE TO
SOLUTION: Modern software allows

EXAMPLES OF minimizing the effort

required for taking a step
towards the student with a
WEB-BASED disability. Web-based
solutions help to participate

SPECIAL in an education process to the

same degree with other
students.
EDUCATION
SOLUTIONS
 WEB-BASED SERVICE FOR
DISTANCE LEARNING
• Due to some forms of disabilities, students with special needs can face
issues associated with moving over long distances. Web-based learning
solutions allow providing educational services taking into account the
interests of students and educational organizations. The task is to offer
students an easy-to-use and intuitive tools for purchasing online courses,
scheduling, and tracking the academical progress.
 LIGHTWEIGHT AND INTUITIVE VIDEO
CHAT FOR ONLINE LEARNING
• Neat and intuitive web-based chatting applications allow creating online
classes that help students with disabilities to communicate with each
other and the teacher. Such virtual classrooms allow both learners and
teachers from different parts of the world to participate in live classes.
Low cost of such an approach to the educational process is one of its
main advantages. Students don’t have to worry about travel expenses.
All that is required is a laptop or tablet with access to the internet.
 ONLINE APP FOR ASSESSING
INDIVIDUAL ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
• Special education software helps students with disabilities to reach their
potential. Individualized Education Program (IEP) Software simplifies
the work with children that have learning issues caused by brain injuries,
developmental delays, or intellectual disabilities. Response to
Intervention software provide tools required for assessment of students’
knowledge. Such solution helps to monitor the learning progress and
visualize it as a set of charts. Also, it allows simplifying the reporting.
 WEB-BASED SOLUTION FOR WORKFLOW
AUTOMATION AND COMPLIANCE WITH
STANDARDS

• Automated workflow and creation of a single database of all students

can reduce the amount of paperwork and improve the efficiency of an
educational organization.
 CONCLUSION
• Technology plays a transformative role in special education by providing
tools and resources that cater to diverse learning needs. Assistive
technologies, such as speech-to-text software and interactive learning
apps, help students with disabilities access curriculum materials and
participate more fully in educational activities. Technology also supports
communication between educators, students, and parents, fostering
collaborative learning environments and personalized learning
experiences.
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