19 t h Century

Philippines as Rizal’s
Context
 ▪ The 19 t h Century was the
19 t h era of Challenges and
responses
Century
▪ It is the period of major changes that
Philippines
affect Man and Society
as Rizal’s
▪ Age of enlightenment
Context
 FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE
19 t h
▪Political Context
Century
Philippines ▪Economic Context
as Rizal’s ▪Socio – Cultural Context
Context
 POLITICAL CONTEXT

19th Century Philippines The Struggle of Nations For Nationalism

as Rizal’s Context
The French Revolution 1779-1789
1. Political
Context 1.Liberty
2.Equity
3.Fraternity
 The American Civil War (1861-1865)

19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s

Context

1. Political
Context
 1. CONSERVATISM V S LIBERATISM
In Spain there was a split a m o n g the
intellectuals Into two irreconcilable
19th Century Philippines camps, the Conservatives and the
as Rizal’s Context Liberals. Neither of which the
advantaged adequate practical
1. Political solutions to end all strive.
Context A seesawed battle between absolutism
and liberalism occurred in Spain. This
was A period of confusion and
instability.
 2. Frailocracy – Rule of the Friars

19th Century Philippines

as Rizal’s Context

1. Political
Context
POLITICAL STRUCTURE DURING SPANISH
COLONIAL PERIOD

19th Century Philippines as

Rizal’s Context

1. Political
Context
 ECONOMIC CONTEXT
Industrialization
19th Century Philippines ▪This is generally applied to the
as Rizal’s Context
extraordinary transformation in
2. Economic the method of:
Context 1. Production
2.Transportation
3. Communication through the
substitution of manual labor
to machine
 ENCOMIEND A TO HACIENDA SYSTEM
▪ The Encomienda was not a land grant it
was more of an administrative unit to
19th Century Philippines as extract unit.
Rizal’s Context

2. Economic
Context
 GALLEON TRADE
19 th Century Philippines
as Rizal’s Context

2. Economic
Context
 Indulto de Comercio
▪ Privilege Of provincial governors to
engage in and monopolize land
19th Century Philippines as
Rizal’s Context

2. Economic
Context
 FORCED LABOR ( Polo y Servicio)

19th Century Philippines as

Rizal’s Context

2. Economic
Context
 TAXATION
To support the colony, several taxes
and monopolies were imposed.
19th Century Philippines as
Rizal’s Context
▪The tithe
2. Economic
Context
 SOCIAL PYRAMID
19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s
Context
3. Socio– Cultural
Context
 PHILIPINE EDUCATIONAL S YS T EM DURING
SPANISH TIME
1855 – the year Spain realized the need to
19th Century Philippines as establish a system of public education for Indios.
Rizal’s Context
- This was also the year that Gov. Gen
3. Socio – Crespo organized a commission and
recommended remedial measures to improve
Cultural elementary education.
Context 1861 – the year the Commission completed its
report and forwarded it to Spain
1863 – the year the commission completed its
report and forwarded it to Spain
 PROVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF
1863
19th Century Philippines as 1.Establishment of Teacher Training School
Rizal’s Context
2.Government supervises the public
3. Socio – school system
Cultural 3.Use of Spanish as a medium of
Context instruction in all schools
4.Establishment of one primary school for
boys and girls in each major town.
 DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
DURING SPANISH TIME
1. EMPHASIS ON RELIGION
19th Century Philippines as
Rizal’s Context ▪ Fear of God was emphasized
3. Socio – ▪ Obedience to friars was instilled in the
Cultural the mind of the people
Context ▪ Indios were constantly reminded that
they had inferior intelligence and
were fit for manual labor only
▪ The will of God was also emphasized
 DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME
19th Century Philippines as
1.EMPHASIS ON RELIGION
Rizal’s Context
2.ABSENCE OF ACADEMIC
3. Socio – FREEDOM
Cultural
Context ▪Most schools were not opened
to the natives
▪Students were not allowed to
express their opinions
 DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME
19th Century Philippines as 1. EMPHASIS ON RELIGION
Rizal’s Context
2. ABSENCE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM
3. Socio – 3. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Cultural ▪ Before the educational decree of
Context 1863, the schools were not opened
to the natives
▪ Spaniards hesitated to consider
the Indians as educable as
themselves.
 DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
DURING SPANISH TIME
19th Century Philippines as 1. EMPHASIS ON RELIGION
Rizal’s Context
2. ABSENSE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM
3. Socio – 3. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Cultural 4. LIMITED CURRICULUM
Context ▪ Education is limited to the 3R’s, that is
Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic
 Towards the middle of the 19 t h century,
19 t h intellectual disintegration was keenly
felt by the middle class.
Century
Philippines This was caused by inadequate
educational system imposed by the
as Rizal’s civil government upon the people
Context
 THE PHILIPPINES OF RIZAL'S TIME

19 t h During the time of Rizal, the sinister

shadow of Spain’s decadence darkened
Century the Philippine skies. The Filipinos
agonized beneath the yoke of Spanish
Philippines misrule. For they were unfortunate
as Rizal’s victims of the evils and the unjust,
bigoted, and deteriorating colonial
Context power.
 THE PHILIPPINES OF RIZALS TIME
Among the evils were as follows:
1. Instability Of the colonial administration
19 t h 2. Corrupt Officialdom
3. No representation in Spanish Cortez
Century 4. Denial of Human Rights of Filipinos
Philippines 5. No equity before the law
6. Maladministration of justice
as Rizal’s 7. Racial discrimination
Context 8. Frailocracy
9. Forced labor, tribute, and bandala
10.Guadia Civil
 The 19 t h Century when Rizal lived was a century of
ferment caused by the blowing of winds of history.

19 t h The above events significantly affects the lives and

fortunes of mankind. A s well as the life of Jose Rizal.

Century Paradoxically, the Friars who were assigned to

Philippines implement the educational decrees from Spain were

a m o n g the vociferous of the Spanish elements
against the teaching of Spanish language in the
as Rizal’s Philippines.

Context They believed that the knowledge of the Spanish

language would encourage the people to oppose
Sanish rule.
 They contend that “enlightened people
cannot be kept long in subjugation”.
19 t h
Century The Filipinos must therefore be kept in
the dark so that they would remain
Philippines isolated from the intellectual ferments
as Rizal’s of the times; otherwise they might be
inspired by new ideas of freedom and
Context independence.