Lecture 2 Cellular system

SUBJECT: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CSI-410

Cellular Networks
 A cellular network is formed of some cells.
 Cellular systems are the backbone of wireless communication,
enabling mobile devices to connect to the network and
communicate with each other
 The cell covers a geographical region and has a base station
analogous to 802.11 AP (Access points are bridges that bridge
traffic between mobile stations and other devices on the network)
which helps mobile users attach to the network and there is an air
interface of physical and data link layer protocol between mobile
and base station.
 All these base stations are connected to the mobile switching center
which connects cells to a wide-area net, manages call setup, and
handles mobility.
Cellular Networks
Cellular Network Structure
 CELLS: The geographic area covered by a cellular network is divided into cells.
Each cell is served by a base station.
 BASE STATIONS: Also known as cell towers, these are equipped with
antennas and transceivers to communicate with mobile devices within their
coverage area.
 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC): Manages the routing of calls and
data, connects calls between base stations, and interfaces with the public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC): Manages the routing of calls and
data, connects calls between base stations, and interfaces with the public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
 CORE NETWORK: Centralized infrastructure that provides various services
and management functions, including voice and data transmission, subscriber
information, and network control.
Cellular Network Structure
Key Technologies
 FDMA (frequency division multiple access): each call is assigned
a specific frequency band within the cell.
 TDMA (time division multiple access): divides each frequency
into time slots, and each call is assigned a specific time slot.
 CDMA (code division multiple access): uses unique codes to
differentiate between calls, allowing multiple calls to be
transmitted simultaneously over the same frequency band.
 OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access): splits
the bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, enhancing data
transmission efficiency and robustness.
Generations of Cellular Networks
1G (FIRST GENERATION): Analog communication, primarily
voice transmission. Limited capacity and security.
2G (SECOND GENERATION): Digital communication, introducing
services like SMS and limited data services.
3G (THIRD GENERATION): Enhanced data capabilities, enabling
internet access, video calls, and mobile TV.
4G (FOURTH GENERATION): High-speed internet access, support
for HD video streaming, online gaming, and more. Technologies
include LTE (long-term evolution).
5G (FIFTH GENERATION): Ultra-high-speed internet, low latency,
massive device connectivity, and support for new applications like IoT
and autonomous vehicles.
Important Concepts
 HANDOVERS: The process of transferring an active call or data
session from one cell to another as a user moves.
 FREQUENCY REUSE: Reuse of frequency channels in different
cells to maximize spectrum efficiency and increase network
capacity.
 ROAMING: Allows users to stay connected to the network even
when moving between different service areas or countries.
 SPECTRUM ALLOCATION: The process of assigning specific
frequency bands for different cellular technologies and services.
Advanced Features in Modern Cellular Systems

 CARRIER AGGREGATION: Combining multiple frequency

bands to increase bandwidth and improve data rates.
 NETWORK SLICING: Creating virtual networks within the same
physical infrastructure to provide customized services for different
applications.
 MIMO (MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT): Using
multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver ends to
improve communication performance.
 BEAMFORMING: Directing signals towards specific users to
enhance signal quality and reduce interference.
Applications and Future Trends
 INTERNET OF THINGS: (IOT): Connecting billions of devices,
from smart home appliances to industrial sensors, using cellular
networks.
 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: Enabling communication between
vehicles and infrastructure for safer and more efficient
transportation.
 SMART CITIES: Utilizing cellular networks for efficient
management of urban resources, traffic control, and public safety.
 EDGE COMPUTING: Processing data closer to where it is
generated to reduce latency and improve real-time applications.
References:
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cellular-networks/
2. https://
www.tutorialspoint.com/wireless_communication/wireless_communication_cel
lular_networks.htm
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B978075066271050010X
4. https://www.javatpoint.com/cellular-system-infrastructure