INDIVIDUAL SUBMISSION ASSIGNMENT NO1:

HÀ NHẤT NGUYÊN - BTBTUN15006

NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOOD
TOPIC:
SHOW YOUR UNDERSTANDING AND
DISCUSSION FOR THE INTERRELATION
BETWEEN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND
IMMUNE SYSTEM
SUBMITTED TO DR. NGUYEN VAN TOAN (PhD)
CONTENTS
I. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. DEFINITION
2. ORGANS
3. FUNCTIONS
II. IMMUNE SYSTEM
4. DEFINITION
5. COMPONENTS
6. FUNCTIONS
III. INTERRELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND IMMUNE
SYSTEM
7. HOW THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AFFECTS TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
8. HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AFFECTS TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
I. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. DEFINITION

• THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IS A

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
CONSISTING OF SPECIFIC
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
USED FOR GAS EXCHANGE.
• HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM,
THE SYSTEM IN HUMANS THAT
TAKES UP OXYGEN AND
EXPELS CARBON DIOXIDE.
http://achim.org/respiratory-system/
2. ORGANS

THE UPPER AIRWAY SYSTEM

THE LOWER AIRWAY SYSTEM

https://www.google.com.vn/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&
uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiymNeMr_ndAhXDzmEKHcKHB_4Qjhx6BAgBEAM&url=https%3A
%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fanatomyandphysiology%2Fchapter%2F22-1-organs-and-struct
ures-of-the-respiratory-system%2F&psig=AOvVaw0WM2ubXz7QpPbYaFI10IjF&ust=1539
174800651124
 THE UPPER AIRWAY SYSTEM

• THE NOSE IS THE

EXTERNAL PROTUBERANCE
OF AN INTERNAL SPACE,
THE NASAL CAVITY. IT IS
SUBDIVIDED INTO A LEFT
AND RIGHT CANAL BY A
THIN MEDIAL
https://www.google.com.vn/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahU
CARTILAGINOUS AND
BONY WALL, THE NASAL
KEwiymNeMr_ndAhXDzmEKHcKHB_4Qjhx6BAgBEAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fanatomyand
physiology%2Fchapter%2F22-1-organs-and-structures-of-the-respiratory-system%2F&psig=AOvVaw0WM2u
bXz7QpPbYaFI10IjF&ust=1539174800651124

SEPTUM.
 THE UPPER AIRWAY SYSTEM

• THE PHARYNX CAN BE DIVIDED INTO

THREE FLOORS:
1. THE UPPER FLOOR (NASOPHARYNX) IS
PRIMARILY A PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR AND
SECRETIONS FROM THE NOSE TO THE
ORAL PHARYNX.
2. THE MIDDLE FLOOR (OROPHARYNX) OF
THE PHARYNX CONNECTS ANTERIORLY TO
THE MOUTH
3. THE LOWER FLOOR (HYPOPHARYNX). ITS
ANTERIOR WALL IS FORMED BY THE
https://sites.google.com/a/mtlstudents.net/oral-cavity/home/pharynx-and-esophagus
POSTERIOR PART OF THE TONGUE.
THE LOWER AIRWAY SYSTEM
• THE LARYNX IS AN
ORGAN OF COMPLEX
STRUCTURE THAT
SERVES A DUAL
FUNCTION: AS AN
AIR CANAL TO THE
LUNGS AND A
https://humananatomycharty.com/respiratory-tract/respi CONTROLLER OF ITS
ratory-tract-lower-respiratory-tract-anatomy-anatomy-of-t
he-respiratory-system/ ACCESS, AND AS THE
ORGAN OF
PHONATION.
 THE LOWER AIRWAY SYSTEM

• THE TRACHEA AND THE STEM BRONCHI:

1. BELOW THE LARYNX LIES THE TRACHEA,
A TUBE ABOUT 10 TO 12 CM LONG AND
2 CM WIDE.
2. AT ITS LOWER END, THE TRACHEA
DIVIDES IN AN INVERTED Y INTO THE
TWO STEM BRONCHI, ONE EACH FOR
THE LEFT AND RIGHT LUNG.
https://www.mariasocias.com/anatomy-of-the-lungs-1
 THE LOWER AIRWAY SYSTEM

• THE LUNG IS PARTED INTO TWO SLIGHTLY

UNEQUAL PORTIONS, A LEFT LUNG AND A
RIGHT LUNG, WHICH OCCUPY MOST OF THE
INTRATHORACIC SPACE:
1. THE RIGHT LUNG REPRESENTS 56% OF THE
TOTAL LUNG VOLUME AND IS COMPOSED
OF THREE LOBES, A SUPERIOR, MIDDLE,
AND INFERIOR LOBE, SEPARATED FROM
EACH OTHER BY A DEEP HORIZONTAL AND
AN OBLIQUE FISSURE.
2. THE LEFT LUNG, SMALLER IN VOLUME
BECAUSE OF THE ASYMMETRICAL
POSITION OF THE HEART, HAS ONLY TWO
LOBES SEPARATED BY AN
OBLIQUE FISSURE.
https://www.mariasocias.com/anatomy-of-the-lungs-1
THE LOWER AIRWAY SYSTEM
• THE INTRAPULMONARY
CONDUCTING AIRWAYS: BRONCHI
AND BRONCHIOLES:
• THE BRONCHI, THE CARTILAGE RINGS
OF THE STEM BRONCHI ARE REPLACED
BY IRREGULAR CARTILAGE PLATES;
FURTHERMORE, A LAYER OF SMOOTH
MUSCLE IS ADDED BETWEEN THE
MUCOSA AND THE
FIBROCARTILAGINOUS TUNIC.
• BRONCHIOLES ARE SMALL
https://www.mariasocias.com/anatomy-of-the-lungs-1
CONDUCTING AIRWAYS RANGING IN
DIAMETER FROM 3 TO LESS THAN 1
MILLIMETER.
3. FUNCTION
The human respiratory system is a series of organs
responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon
dioxide.

The primary organs of the respiratory system are

lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we
breathe.
A. THE TRADE GASES AMONG LUNGS AND THE
CIRCULATION SYSTEM
• In breathing, air is breathed in through the nasal and
oral cavities. It travels through the pharynx, larynx,
and trachea into the lungs.
• Inside the lungs, oxygen from breathed in air
diffuses from the alveoli into aspiratory vessels
encompassing them. It ties to hemoglobin atoms in
red platelets, and is pumped through the circulation
system. In the mean time, carbon dioxide from
deoxygenated blood diffuses from the vessels into
the alveoli, and is ousted through exhalation.
B. OLFACTION OR SMELLING
• Substance sensation
• A few synthetic substances stuck the breathed in air
imbroglio to and enact sensory system receptors on
the cilia. This upgrade sends a flag to the mind
C. AIR VIBRATING THE VOCAL CORDS CREATES SOUND
• The muscles in the larynx move ligament arytenoid
then it pushes the vocal ropes together.
• At the point when the strings are pushed together,
the air going between them makes them vibrate,
making a sound.
II. IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. DEFINITION

• Immune system is the body’s defense against disease causing

organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign invaders
2. COMPONENTS

• The tonsils and the thymus

• Lymphatic system

• Bone marrow

• Spleen

• White blood cells

https://reverehealth.com/live-better/brief-overview-immune-system/
IMMUNE RESPONSE
 3. FUNCTIONS
The tonsils and the thymus:
These are responsible for producing
antibodies, which are some of the
combatants against foreign invaders in
the body.
Lymphatic system:
Made up of lymph nodes and vessels.
Carries lymph fluid, nutrients and
waste material between the body’s
tissues and the bloodstream, trapping
bacteria, viruses and other invaders.
Bone marrow:
It’s made of red marrow, which
produces red and white blood cells
along with platelets and yellow
marrow.
Spleen:
Filter the blood by removing old or
damaged cells or platelets.
Destroy bacteria and other invaders.
White blood cells:
Made in the bone marrow, these cells
protect your body from infection
(bacteria, a virus or another
organism).
III. INTERRELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. HOW THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AFFECTS TO THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM

The lung is constantly challenged by

inhaled pathogens, pollutants and
particles.
Host-defence functions in the airway:
1. Filtration in the naso-
oropharynx and conducting
airways
2. Sneezing
3. Coughing
https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1528
4. Mucociliary clearance
 MUCUS (SECRETED FROM EPITHELIAL CELLS):
● KEEPS THE AIRWAYS MOIST
● TRAPS UNWANTED PARTICLES THAT HAVE
BEEN INHALED.
TINY HAIRS (ON CILIA CELLS):
● MOVE MUCUS OUT OF YOUR LUNGS
● REMOVE UNWANTED DEBRIS TO THE

Figure 1: Mucus and tiny hairs in airway walls THROAT. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF
Source: http://www.iaquk.org.uk/ResourcesRespiratory.html
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM PROTECTING THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FROM INFECTIONS.
2. HOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AFFECTS TO THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Small particles might reach the alveolar
gas-exchange regions of the lung.
Host-defence functions in Alveolus:
Surfactant a
• SP-A, surfactant protein A
• SP-D, surfactant protein D
Opsonins
• such as immunoglobulins
Innate immune cells
• alveolar macrophages
https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1528
• neutrophils

Weinberger, S., Cockrill, B. and Mandel, J. (n.d.). Principles of
pulmonary medicine.
Alveolar Macrophages:
Destroy foreign particles and suppress
inflammation in the lung.
● The normal pool of alveolar
macrophages can handle up to 10^9
inhaled bacteria before the bacteria
overwhelm the macrophages and cause
infection.
Macrophage does not always kill or totally
eliminate inhaled foreign material.
● Some organisms are especially capable
of persistent infection of macrophages
without being killed or deactivated.
● Ex: MTB, HIV.
Opsonins are proteins that bind to extracellular materials and make them more
adherent to phagocytic cells and more amenable to engulfment or ingestion.

Specific opsonins.
● Directed against antigenic materia
● Ex: IgG (antibody)
Non specific opsonins.
● Promote attachment to and ingestion by macrophages.
● Ex: IgA, complement, fibronectin
Surfactant
● SP-A, surfactant protein A
● SP-D, surfactant protein D
SUMMARY
I. REPIRATORY SYSTEM
● The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and
structures used for gas exchange.
● THE UPPER AIRWAY SYSTEM
● THE LOWER AIRWAY SYSTEM
II. IMMUNE SYSTEM
● Immune system is the body’s defense against disease causing organisms,
malfunctioning cells, and foreign invaders
● Components: The tonsils and the thymus - Lymphatic system - Bone marrow –
Spleen - White blood cells
III. INTERRELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
REFERENCES :

• Sites.google.com. (2018). HUMAN VS ANIMAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - MEGACITY-Tokyo. [online] Available

at: https://sites.google.com/site/megacitytoky/human-vs-animal-digestive-system [Accessed 17 Aug.
2018].
• Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). human respiratory system | Description, Parts, Function, & Facts.
[online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system [Accessed 8 Oct.
2018].
• Science, L. (2018). Respiratory System: Facts, Function and Diseases. [online] Live Science. Available at:
https://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html [Accessed 10 Oct. 2018].
• Cliffsnotes.com. (2018). Function of the Digestive System. [online] Available at:
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/anatomy-and-physiology/the-digestive-system/function-of-
the-digestive-system [Accessed 10 Oct. 2018].
• Mansfieldct.org. (2018). Respiratory System. [online] Available at:
http://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/staff/gr6sci/Websites/RespiratorySystembyKelseyF.htm
[Accessed 10 Oct. 2018].
• Iwasaki, A., Foxman, E., & Molony, R. (2016). Early local immune defences in the respiratory
tract. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17(1), 7-20. doi:10.1038/nri.2016.117
• The lungs at the frontlines of immunity. (2015). Nature Immunology, 16(1), 17-17. doi:10.1038/ni.3069
• Sci-Hub: устраняя преграды на пути распространения знаний. (2018). Sci-hub.tw. Retrieved 18
October 2018, from https://sci-hub.tw/https:/www.nature.com/articles/nri1528#f1
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION