Thoughts and beliefs

 The influence of Puritanism increased

during the XVIIth Century, especially among
merchants and lesser gentry.
 Due to King James’ Bible publication, Bible
reading increased among literate people.
 This gave way to a new way of
understanding the holy book.
NONCONFORMISTS
 Nonconformists or Dissenters were protestants
who did not conform to the doctrines of the
Anglican Church.
 These included Baptists, Congregationalists,
Presbyterians, Methodists, Unitarians, Quakers
and the Salvation Army among others.
Quakers
 The first Quakers lived in mid-17th century
England.
 The movement arose from the Legatine-
Arians and other dissenting Protestant
groups, breaking away from the established
Church of England.
quakers
 The Society of Friends (Quakers) and its
fundamental principles were set by George Fox,
its founder, who believed that the experience of
Jesus Christ could come to anyone directly,
without the help of a priest or any other
person.
quakers
 There was
something of
God in everyone,
men and women
alike: equality
was
fundamental.
Quakers
 They emphasized a personal and direct religious
experience of Christ, acquired through both
direct religious experience and the reading and
studying of the Bible.
 Quakers focused their private life on developing
behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity
and the light of God.
Quakers
 They based their message on the religious belief
that "Christ has come to teach his people
himself", stressing the importance of a direct
relationship with God through Jesus Christ, and a
direct religious belief in the universal priesthood
of all believers.
quakers
 The peace testimony to nonviolence was first
enunciated in 1661, and Fox’s first reference to
Quakers’ reputation for honest and fair dealing
was in 1663. Friends should be active in this
world, and should ‘be patterns, be examples,
and walk cheerfully over the world, answering
that of God in everyone’.
quakers
 Many others contributed to the formulation of
these principles. The Valiant Sixty’ travelled the
country preaching and developing their
thinking. Some of these early Quaker ministers
were women.
 The Society of Friends was organised into local,
regional and national (Yearly) meetings by 1670,
and ideas were honed across this structure. #
quakers
 Robert Barclay wrote extensively, as did William
Penn (1644 -1718). Penn was granted
Pennsylvania by Charles II and aimed to create a
society there that would embody Quaker
principles in (his “Holy Experiment”)
 Other new thinking developed in Pennsylvania:
the first Quaker protest against slavery was in
Germantown, in Philadelphia.
Quakers
 Quakers were known for
their refusal to participate
in war, plain dress, refusal
to swear oaths,
opposition to slavery, and
teetotalism.
Quakers
 Described as "natural capitalists", some Quakers
founded banks and financial institutions
(Barclays, Lloyds, and Friends Provident;
manufacturing companies, shoe retailer C. & J.
Clark, British confectionery makers Cadbury,
Rowntree and Fry's; and philanthropic efforts,
including abolition of slavery, prison reform, and
social justice projects.
The political and social dimension:
 The Civil War radicalised many people, as men
were recruited into militias on both sides, many
women and children were killed, and villages and
livelihoods were destroyed.
 In 1647 the Putney Debates, open to all, explored
ideas of civil liberties, universal suffrage (for
men), equality, and freedom of religion. Tithes (a
tax on the value of produce, used to support clergy
and others) were questioned, though were not
The political and social dimension:
 The Diggers argued for shared ownership, and
set up communal living on a stretch of
farmland. (They are associated with agrarian
socialism)
 The Levellers argued for complete equality (for
men) in decision-making.
Across the Atlantic:
 This was also the century when European
colonisation of the ‘New World’ (the Americas)
took off.
 Native Americans were increasingly
outnumbered, as more and more citizens of
European countries travelled to their colonies,
to try their hand at a new life.
Across the Atlantic:
 Large plantations of tobacco, cotton, and sugar
were established, and farms and small
settlements grew up along the North Atlantic
coast. The Pilgrim Fathers, who sailed to ‘New
England’ in 1620, are a famous example.
 Britain’s main area of activity at this time was
the North Atlantic seaboard and parts of the
Caribbean.
Across the Atlantic:
 The slave trade expanded rapidly to meet the
labour needs of the new colonies, and ports like
Bristol and Liverpool prospered.
nonconformists
 Nonconformist, also called Dissenter, or Free
Churchman, any English Protestant who does not
conform to the doctrines or practices of the
established Church of England.
 This term was first used in the penal acts following
the Restoration of the monarchy (1660) and the Act
of Uniformity (1662) to describe the conventicles
(places of worship) of the congregations that had
separated from the Church of England (Separatists).
nonconformists
 Nonconformists are also called dissenters (a
word first used of the five Dissenting Brethren
at the Westminster Assembly of Divines in
1643–47).
 Because of the movement begun in the late
19th century by which Nonconformists of
different denominations joined together in
the Free Church Federal Council, they are also
called Free Churchmen.
OTHER RELIGIONS
 People from other religions started to settle
again in Britain.
 Cromwell allowed Jews to stablish again in the
islands.
 French Protestants (Huguenots) settled in
Britain fleeing persecution.
Anglican church
 It continued to strengthen in the political arena
but it became weaker in the intellectual area.
 The great religious writers of this time were
Puritans:
 John Bunyan “The Pilgrim’s Progress”
 John Milton “Paradise Lost”.
Pilgrim’s progress
The major theme in John Bunyan's
The Pilgrim's Progress is the cost
of salvation. As Christian's journey
proves, the road to Heaven is not
easy, the cost is great, and the
true Christian must be willing to
pay the cost no matter what. Man
is full of sin, but this does not
keep him from attaining glory.
Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost is an epic poem (12
books, totalling more than 10,500
lines) written in blank verse, telling
the biblical tale of the Fall of
Mankind – the moment when Adam
and Eve were tempted by Satan to
eat the forbidden fruit from the Tree
of Knowledge, and God banished
them from the Garden of Eden
forever.
CHANGING IN SCIENTIFIC THINKING
 The study of the natural world led to important
new discoveries, making Britain – once again –
the leader in this area as many times before.
 Francis Bacon, who had been James I’s Lord
Chancellor but more famous for his scientific
work, especially his reflections on the need of a
scientific method.
CHANGING IN SCIENTIFIC THINKING
 Other scientists put his ideas of experimenting
into practice.
 1628: blood circulation was discovered what led
to many other medical advances.
 Boyle and Hooke explored chemistry and
mechanics of breathing.
CHANGING IN SCIENTIFIC THINKING
 The Royal Society founded by the Stuarts
became the center for reflection, arguments,
enquiries and sharing of information.
 Sir Isaac Newton began to study gravity,
publishing in 1687 his “Principia Mathematica”
that became a landmark in science. In fact, his
discoveries where challenged by Einstein only in
the XXth century and later on by S. Hawking.
CHANGING IN SCIENTIFIC THINKING
 A great deal of interest in astronomy was all in
the rage at the time.
 The geometric movement of stars and planets
discredited old beliefs in astrology and magic.
 Everything had a natural explanation.
CHANGING IN ARCHITECTURE
 1666: Great Fire of London
 Gave Christopher Wren the opportunity to
redesign London and erect one of the most
beautiful sights in the city.
CHANGING IN literacy
 The expansion of
literacy through
schools and the
improvement in
printing
techniques, led to
an increase in
interest in reading.
CHANGING IN literacy
 This led to the expansion of newspapers, that
also had to do with a place where ideas could
be discussed.
 The origin of political cartoons.
 Many newspapers also spread scientific and
philosophical ideas.
 This later led in the XVIII and XIXth centuries to
the importance of reading novels and fiction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTdlXGapETs
CHANGING IN population
 Population change in Britain from 1701-1901
The first
official
population
census took
place in 1801,
being
repeated
every 10 years
since then.
CHANGING IN population
CHANGING IN LIFESTYLES
 Prices fell during this period and fewer people
depended on charity to live, what led to a
descent in poverty in general.
 Opportunities arised that helped yeoman
farmers and traders to evolve into minor gentry
or merchants, due to advances in farming.
 Also, the Thirty Years war gave Britain the
opportunity to export cereals to Europe.
 CHANGING IN TRANSPORT
 The development of the
mitre lock heralded a period
of extensive canal construction
during the 16th and 17th centuries.
 The first lock was not built on an English canal
until the 16th century, and the canal era proper
dates from the construction of the Bridgewater
Canal to carry coal from Worsley to Manchester in
the 18th century by the engineer James Brindley.
 CHANGING IN TRANSPORT
 The success of this canal promoted
a period of intense canal
construction that established a
network of inland waterways
serving the Industrial Revolution
and contributing to Britain’s
prosperity in the half-century
preceding the railway era, which
began in the mid-19th century.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJul
EeQPTz4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1g
Im1oU9Oo
CHANGING IN mobility
 These waterways allowed each region to
develop its own special produce.
 They became the predecessors of railways that
would develop in the XVIIIth and XIXth century.
 These changes in transport helped develop
commerce along these lines.
CHANGING IN CITIES
 Cities
developed and
increased their
population.
 Living
conditions
weren’t always
the most
adequate.
What was life like in Seventeenth century London?
 Its population had grown from 120,000 to
500,000 in the space of two hundred years!
 By 1665 nearly one British person in ten lived
in London.
 London was not a nice place
to live. It was cramped, with
maze-like streets.
 Houses were packed into
small spaces and London was
full of slum housing
 London was a very dirty
place and people threw their
rubbish in to the streets
 Why did the plague break out?

= BUBONIC
+ + + PLAGUE

The flea bit the rat. The rat infected the flea. The flea bit the human .

= PNEUMONIC PLAGUE
+
The infected person coughed near another person who then caught the disease.
Plague broke out in London in the spring of 1665.
It probably arrived from Holland where there had
been plague a few years earlier.
The summer of 1665 was extremely
hot so the disease spread quickly.
The death rate rose rapidly through
the summer months.
The wealthy, including the King, many doctors
and some members of the clergy fled the city.
This helped spread the disease to other parts
How did the people of London think the plague spread?
The people of London did not know how the
plague was spreading, though they had many
theories.
Foul air
comets,
punishments from God,
dogs, cats,
bad water
Symptoms of the plague
 Some new ideas were tried to tackle the plague.
 Plague doctors cared for people, and nurses
were hired to visit and record the sick.
 Watchmen kept the sick in their houses
so they did not spread the disease. Houses
where people were infected were
marked with a red cross.
 Dogs were suspected of carrying plague,
About 40,000 dogs and 80,000 cats were killed.
 Rakers (cleaners) removed the sewerage and
The Plague Doctor
Plague Doctor
Leather Hat
Mask Glass Eye
Beak
Wooden Stick

Gown
Leather
Gloves

Full Length
Boots
 The devastation of the Plague
1665 was London’s worse epidemic about
100,000 people died.

In the third week of September, 8,297 official

plague deaths were reported.
What do you think is going on in this picture?
 Extract from Samuel Pepys diary
16 October 1665
But Lord, how empty the
streets are, so many poor
sick people in the streets, full
of sores, and so many sad
stories overheard as I walk,
everybody talking of this
dead, and that man sick, and
so many in this place.
 The Great Plague
 The nursery rhyme, Ring a Ring a Ring a ring a roses,
A pocket full of posies,
Roses is all about the plague. Atishoo,
 The words of the rhyme describe Atishoo,
we all fall down.
the symptoms of the plague.
The ‘ring a roses’ refers to the bleeding under the skin.
The ‘pocket full of posies’ refers to the small bags of
herbs or flowers that people carried to ward off the
plague. Many thought the disease was caused by foul air.
The sneezing was a symptom of the disease.
‘All fall down’ means that what followed the sneezing was
death.
 The Great Plague
 The plague lasted in London until the late autumn
when the colder weather helped kill off the fleas.
 In 1666 the Great Fire of London destroyed much
of the centre of London, but also helped to kill off
some of the black rats and fleas that carried the
plague bacillus.
The Great Fire
of London
The famous ‘Great Fire of London’ started on
Sunday 2 September 1666 in a bakers shop.
The shop was in ‘Pudding Lane’ and belonged
to Thomas Faynor who baked for the King.
The baker forgot to put out the fire he used to
bake bread. Some fire wood was set alight and
the fire began.
The buildings in London at the time were made
of wood and had thatched roofs so they burnt
very easily.
The buildings were also very close together, so
the fire spread from one street to another
quickly.
The very strong wind blowing also helped the
fire to spread quickly across the city of
London.
There were no firemen or fire engines so
people tried to put the fire out with buckets
of water.
The fire destroyed many buildings in London.
They were later rebuilt using bricks instead of
wood.
Samuel Pepys kept a diary of what he saw
during the fire. He watched the fire from
across the River Thames.
The fire continued burning for four days.
Luckily only 4 people were reported to have
died.
After the fire a fire service was set up in
London to make sure that it did not happen
again.
A statue was made to remember the ‘Great
Fire of London’. It still stands in London today.
CHANGES IN LONDON
Christopher Wren
produced ambitious
plans for rebuilding the
whole area but they
were rejected, partly
because property
owners insisted on
keeping the sites of
their destroyed
buildings.
CHANGES IN LONDON
Wren did design 51 new city
churches, as well as the new St
Paul's Cathedral. In 1669, he was
appointed surveyor of the royal
works which effectively gave him
control of all government building
in the country. He was knighted in
1673.
CHANGES IN SOCIETY & HABITS
A new class emerged, most of them belonging to the
nobility though some people began to buy high positions
more easily than in Europe at this time.
After 1650 the new rich began to meet in the new
coffeehouses, where people and politics were spoken of.
The old nobility did not accept the new rich as equals.
Descendants of the older Tudor gentry starting calling
themselves “squires” while new Stuart yeomen wanted
to be gentry. Squires did not wish to be confused with
new gentry.
CHANGES IN SOCIETY & HABITS
For the upper class and the middle class life grew more
comfortable but for the poor life changed little.
It is estimated that at the end of the 17th century half
the population could afford to eat meat every day. In
other words about 50% of the people were wealthy or at
least reasonably well off. 30% of the population could do
it between 2 and 6 times a week. They were 'poor'. The
bottom 20% could only eat meat once a week. They
were very poor. At least part of the time they had to rely
CHANGES IN SOCIETY & HABITS
By an act of 1601 overseers of the poor were appointed
by each parish. They had power to force people to pay a
local tax to help the poor. Those who could not work
such as the old and the disabled would be provided for.
The overseers were meant to provide work for the able-
bodied poor. Anyone who refused to work was whipped
and, after 1610, they could be placed in a house of
correction. Pauper's children were sent to local
employers to be apprentices.
CHANGES IN SOCIETY & HABITS

The London coffeehouses of the 17th & 18th centuries

were the engines of creation that helped drive the
Enlightenment – the European intellectual movement
of the time that emphasized reason and individualism
rather than tradition.
 maidINTERIOR
in white lace OF A LONDON COFFEE-HOUSE
c.1690-1700 / British Museum, London.
frontage behind
canopied bar
 manservant taking clay
pipes from a chest
 at centre, another
servant pouring coffee
 to right, group of men
seated on benches
with newspapers and
cups,
 in background, fire
with cauldron, various
paintings and notices
on wall.
COFFEE-HOUSES
A Brief History of Coffee
Coffee originated in Ethiopia in the 10th Century,
reached Yemen by the 15th century and by the 16th-
century coffee had spread to Persia (Iran) and Turkey.
In 1645 the first European coffeehouse opened in Venice
and it became popular throughout Europe during the
late 17th century.
The first coffeehouse was opened in America in 1689
and henceforth it spread throughout the world..
COFFEE-HOUSES
In 1652 the first coffee stall was opened in the
churchyard of St Michael’s Cornhill in the City of London.
17th-century coffee was pretty foul compared to the
coffee of today, but the caffeine in it was an addictive
stimulant.
Soon coffeehouses were commonplace. Ten years later
in 1663, there were over 80 coffeehouses within the City
and by the start of the eighteenth century, this number
had grown to over 500.
COFFEE-HOUSES
Edward Lloyd’s Coffee
Shop on Tower
Street, London, 17th
century / Wikimedia
Commons.
COFFEE-HOUSES
Coffee Houses were quite egalitarian places and both
their defenders and their critics said that.
In a pamphlet of 1661, The Character of Coffee it’s called
it says: “A coffee house is free to all comers of every
human shape. Orderly therefore, let any person who
comes to drink coffee set down in the very chair for here
a seat is to be given to no man [that is a special seat
reserved for no man]. That great privilege of equality is
only peculiar to the Golden Age and to a coffee house.”
COFFEE-HOUSES
There was a spirit of the 1640s
and 50s, of egalitarianism.
A way of criticising a
coffee house was
to say that they
didn’t properly
respect status
and rank.
COFFEE-HOUSES
Samuel Butler in the 1670s, who was also a more
Royalist critic of coffee houses, said: “A coffee man keeps
a coffee market where people of all qualities and
conditions meet to trade in foreign drinks and news, ale,
smoke and controversy. He admits of no distinction of
persons but gentleman, mechanic, lord and scoundrel
mix as if they were resolved into their first principles.”
Therefore, coffee houses were rather open, democratic sorts of
places. This suspicion that coffee houses were really a residue
of Cromwellian, anti-Royalist, egalitarian thinking, prompted
COFFEE-HOUSES
Steve Pinkus in the Journal of Modern History of 1995,
wrote that Charles II and his ministers tended to
associate taverns with a slightly more loyalist approach.
Taverns were more traditional, were more loyal, and
drinking made people good spirited and cheerful. Coffee
made them sharp witted and bad tempered .
COFFEE-HOUSES
Only men went there to meet each other
and to have conversations. Often, these
men were complete strangers and having
conversations with strangers was a founding
principle of the coffee-houses and their very
lifeblood.
Before men had met in alehouses to discuss, to
exchange ideas and do business but thanks to the ale
such venues were noisy, often rowdy places and not
conducive to holding conversations.
COFFEE-HOUSES
On the other hand, coffeehouses were quieter, more
sedate venues where people could engage in more
serious conversation.
Any man could gain admittance to a coffeehouse by
purchasing a cup of coffee for the price of one penny.
Here he could drink coffee, smoke, read the newsletters
or join one of the conversational groups. It is not too
surprising that such coffeehouses became known as
penny universities.
coffee-houses
Different districts of London housed coffeehouses that
catered for distinctive professions.
Coffeehouses close to the Royal Exchange in the City
provided for businessmen. Politicians frequented those
in the neighborhood of Westminster and St James and in
the vicinity of St Paul’s Cathedral they were patronized
by clergymen and theologians.
. http://conversational-leadership.net/coffee-houses/
coffee-houses
William Shipley founded the Royal Society of Arts (RSA)
in 1754 and held its first meeting at Rawthmell’s Coffee
House in Covent Garden.
The auction houses Sotheby’s and Christie’s also have
their origins in coffeehouses.
http://conversational-leadership.net/coffee-houses/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2qDLGFop4A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itXYg1oGk6I
ALEhouses
Inns and alehouses were and are one of the most
important buildings in towns and villages, as they are
places to socialize, have a meal, discuss various matters
of the day, and - for some people - to get drunk. Two
important elements of the inn are food and drink.
It was an invading Roman army that first brought Roman
roads, Roman towns and Roman pubs known as
tabernae to these shores in 43 AD. They sold wine and
were built alongside Roman roads and in towns to help
quench the thirst of the legionary troops.
ALEhouses
It was ale, however, the native British beverage, and the
tabernae quickly adapted to provide it, with the word
eventually being corrupted to tavern.
These taverns not only survived but continued to adapt
to an ever changing clientele, through invading Angles,
Saxons, Jutes, and even Scandinavian Vikings. Around
970 AD, Anglo-Saxon King Edgar even attempted to limit
the number of alehouses in villages.
ALEhouses
He is also said to have been responsible for introducing a
drinking measure known as ‘the peg’ as a means of
controlling the amount of alcohol an individual could
consume, hence the expression “to take (someone) down
a peg”.
Taverns and alehouses provided food and drink to their
guests, whilst inns offered accommodation for travellers.
These could include merchants, court officials or pilgrims
travelling to and from religious shrines, as immortalised
by Geoffrey Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales.
CHANGES IN FINANCE
Banking developed in the 17th century. As England
grew more commercial so lending money became
more important. In the early 17th century goldsmiths
lent and changed money. Then in 1640 King Charles I
confiscated gold, which London merchants had
deposited at the mint for safety. Afterwards people
began to deposit money with goldsmiths instead. The
goldsmiths gave receipts for the gold in the form of
notes promising to pay on demand.
CHANGES IN FINANCE

In time merchants and tradesmen began to exchange

these notes as a form of money. The goldsmiths realized
that not all of their customers would withdraw their gold
at the same time. So it was safe to issue notes for more
gold than they actually had. They could then lend money
using the extra notes. The Bank of England was founded
in 1694.
.