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ELECTRICAL POWER
GENERATION

GROUP 3 - WEEK 3
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AGENDA TOPICS COVERED

HYDROPOWER run-of-river hydro storage hydropower

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THIS REPORT AIMS TO:

To inform readers about the basics of hydropower

To discuss the benefits and potential drawbacks of hydropower

To explore the role of hydropower in the transition to a clean energy

future

To address specific concerns or challenges related to hydropower

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what is hydropower?
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HYDROPOWER

Hydropower (water power) uses moving water to generate

clean, renewable electricity, making it a major source of
sustainable energy.

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HOW DOES HYDROPOWER

WORK?
moving water spins turbines, creating electricity.
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Renewable

IMPORTANCE Clean

OF
HYDROPOWER Reliable

Multi-purpose benefits
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PROS OF HYDROPOWER:

Clean and renewable Reliable and dispatchable Cost-effective Additional benefits

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CONS OF HYDROPOWER

Environmental impact Limited potential Social impact Safety concerns

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HISORICAL
BACKGROUND

understanding hydropower
 WHAT IS THE HISTORY
OF HYDRO POWER?
OVER TIME, HYDROPOWER HAS DEVELOPED INTO THE MOST SIGNIFICANT RENEWABLE
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE TO US. THE WATER WHEEL WAS CREATED IN 300 BC,
MARKING THE BEGINNING OF HYDROPOWER. WE HAVE BEEN USING WATER FOR
ENERGY FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, FROM GREEK WATER WHEELS TO EGYPTIAN
WATER SCREWS TO MODERN WATER TURBINES. THE FIRST HYDROELECTRIC PLANT WAS
CONSTRUCTED IN 1882, AND WATER TURBINES WERE FIRST DEVELOPED IN 1827.
THANKS TO TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES,
HYDROPOWER IS CURRENTLY THE MOST POPULAR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE.

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 TECHNICAL ASPECTS
hydropower milistone
Initial start
Milestones in hydropower development
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historical event
Hydropower's history begins 2,300 years ago, using water wheels for grinding grain in ancient times.
1771: Arkwright's water-powered machine boosts the Industrial Revolution.
1827: Benoit Fourneyron invented the first water turbine.
1849: Francis invents the still-dominant Francis turbine for hydropower.
1870s: Lester Allan Pelton invented the impulse water turbine.
1878: The world’s first hydroelectric project was established in England.
1882: The world’s first hydroelectric power plant was constructed.
1882: The world’s first hydroelectric power plant was constructed
1895: 1895: Largest & 1st AC hydropower plant built.
1940s-1970s: Hydropower capacity surges post-WWII.
2000-2017: Installed hydropower capacity increased by 65%.
2023: Hydropower accounts for over 60% of our renewable energy generation.
 TECHNICAL ASPECTS
hydropower milistone
Initial start
Milestones in hydropower development
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historical event
Hydropower's history begins 2,300 years ago, using water wheels for grinding grain in ancient times.
1771: Arkwright's water-powered machine boosts the Industrial Revolution.
1827: Benoit Fourneyron invented the first water turbine.
1849: Francis invents the still-dominant Francis turbine for hydropower.
1870s: Lester Allan Pelton invented the impulse water turbine.
1878: The world’s first hydroelectric project was established in England.
1882: The world’s first hydroelectric power plant was constructed.
1882: The world’s first hydroelectric power plant was constructed
1895: 1895: Largest & 1st AC hydropower plant built.
1940s-1970s: Hydropower capacity surges post-WWII.
2000-2017: Installed hydropower capacity increased by 65%.
2023: Hydropower accounts for over 60% of our renewable energy generation.
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BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLES OF

HYROPOWER PLANT
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FUNCTION 1. hydroelectric power plant required a water reservoir so this plant are
constructed through Dam.
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FUNCTION 2. Water Stored dam has potential energy the water under pressure is carried by
penstock (pipe) due to the control gate and change potential to kinetic energy due to movement
of water .
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FUNCTION 3. Penstock is a pipeline that supply water to the turbine.

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FUNCTION 4. surge tank : produces the excess water force on the penstock
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FUNCTION 5.trash rack : prevent the debris ( piece of rock ) from getting enter into the power
house
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FUNCTION 6. due to the force of water the turbine will start rotating and due to it the
mechanical energy is produced .
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FUNCTION 7.Spinning turbine shaft in generator creates AC electricity.

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FUNCTION 8.AC electricity is boosted by transformers and delivered through power

lines to the city.
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FUNCTION 9.and also we have draft tube after running the turbine the water is passed to
the downstream water level by draft tube .
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Dams - are built to impound water, creating a reservoir or artificial

lake. The height and size of the dam determine the potential energy
stored in the water.

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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Intake structure: This is where water is drawn from the

reservoir into the hydropower plant. Intake structures often
include gates or valves to control the flow of water

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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Penstock: A penstock is a large pipe or conduit that carries water

from the intake structure to the turbine. The pressure of the water in
the penstock helps to drive the turbine.

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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Turbine : The turbine is the primary component that converts the kinetic energy of
flowing water into mechanical energy. There are different types of turbines used in
hydropower plants, such as Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines, depending on the specific
characteristics of the site.

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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Generator: The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is transmitted

to a generator, where it is converted into electrical energy through
electromagnetic induction.

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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Transformer: The electricity generated by the generator is typically at a low voltage.

Transformers are used to step up the voltage to facilitate long-distance transmission of
electricity. .

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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Powerhouse: The powerhouse contains the turbines, generators, and other necessary
equipment for generating electricity. It's usually located at the base of the dam or along
the path of the penstock.

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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Tailrace: After passing through the turbine, the water is released from the powerhouse
into the tailrace, where it flows back into the river or downstream water body.

COMPONENTS
OF HYDROPOWER
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TYPES OF
HYDROPOWER
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RUN-OF-RIVER HYDROPOWER

STORAGE HYDROPOWER
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RUN-OF-RIVER
HYDROPOWER
Smaller run-of-river plants divert river water, skipping
dams, and use natural flow to spin turbines for electricity
(less power).

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RUN-OF-RIVER
HYDROPOWER
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COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL HYDROPOWERPLANT

I-n conventional storage hydro, a dam is placed across a river to create a reservoir.

• All (or almost all) of the water is impounded behind the dam and the flow downstream is regulated,
which changes the natural variation of flow significantly for the entire length of the downstream river.

-Run-of-river hydropower, only a portion of the stream flow is affected, and even then, only a short
length of the river experiences reduced flows.

• a typical power plant would utilize less than two- thirds of a river’s total annual flow.
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CLASSIFICATION:
Run-off river plants without pondage:

NOTE: "Pondages" typically refers to the reservoirs or ponds created by dams or other water
management structures.

• These plants does not have storage or pondages to store water;

• Run-off river plants without pondages uses water as it comes.
• The plant can use water as and when available.
• Since, generation capacity of these type of plants these plants depend on the rate of flow of water,
during rainy season high flow rate may mean some quantity of water to go as waste while during low
run-off periods, due to low flow rates, the generating capacity will be low.
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CLASSIFICATION:
Run-off river plants with pondage:

NOTE: "Pondages" typically refers to the reservoirs or ponds created by dams or other water
management structures.

• In these plants, pondage allows storage of water during lean periods and use of this water during
peak periods.
• Based on the size of the storage structure provided it may be possible to cope with hour to hour
fluctuations.
• This type of plant can be used on parts of the load curve as required, and is more useful than a
plant without pondage.
• If pondage is provided, tail race conditions should be such that floods do not raise tail-race water
level, thus reducing the head on the plant and impairing its effectiveness.
• This type of plant is comparatively more conscientious and its generating capacity is not depends
on available rate of flow of water.
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ADVANTAGES OF RUN-OF-RIVER
HYDROPOWER PLANTS :

Minimal environmental impact Sustainable and adaptable

Faster construction and lower cost Decentralized energy generation

Renewable and clean energy source

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LIMITATIONS OF RUN-OF-RIVER
HYDROPOWER PLANTS :

Variable electricity generation Potential impact on aquatic life

Limited power generation capacity Sensitivity to climate change

Geographical limitations
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STORAGE HYDROPOWER
OR
PUMPED STORAGE
HYDROPOWER
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STORAGE
HYDROPOWER

Acts like a battery, storing excess electricity (off-peak) by

pumping water uphill. During peak demand, the water flows back
down to generate electricity.

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FUNCTINONS:
Energy storage

Electricity generation

Grid balancing

Integration of renewable energy

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COMPONENTS OF PUMPED STORAGE

HYDRO POWER
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UPPER
RESERVOIR
when power from the plant is needed,
water stored in an upper reservoir is
released into an underground tunneL
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INTAKE
TUNNEL
THE WATER RUSHES DOWN THE
INTAKE TUNNEL.
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TURBINE
THE FORCE OF THE WATER
DRIVES HUGE TURBINES, WHICH
ARE UNDERGROUND AT THE
BASE OF A DAM. THE SPINNING
TURBINES ARE CONNECTED TO
LARGE GENERATORS, WHICH
PRODUCE THE ELECTRICITY.
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DISCHARGE
TUNNEL
THE WATER THEN FLOWS
THROUGH A DISCHARGE TUNNEL
INTO A LOWER RESERVOIR.
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RECHARGING
WHEN DEMAND FOR
ELECTRICITY IS LOW, THE
TURBINES SPIN BACKWARD AND
PUMP THE WATER BACK UP INTO
THE UPPER RESERVOIR TO MAKE
IT AVAILABLE TO GENERATE
ELECTRICITY WHEN IT'S NEEDED.
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ADVANTAGES OF STORAGE
HYDROPOWER
No pollution or waste.

Its Renewable

can pick up load rapidly in a matter of few minutes.

It is very reliable because we can release the water to make energy when we need iT.
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LIMITATIONS OF STORAGE
HYDROPOWER
Little effect on landscape
Once it's used, it can't be used again until the water is pumped back up.
The main disadvantage is specialist nature of the site required, needing both geographical height and
water availability.
Expensive to built.
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FORMULA AND CALCULATIONS

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FORMULA AND CALCULATIONS

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FORMULA AND CALCULATIONS

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FORMULA AND CALCULATIONS

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FORMULA AND CALCULATIONS

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THANK YOU!
FROM GROUP 3
 ISAIAH 41:10

SO DO NOT FEAR, FOR I AM WITH YOU; DO NOT BE DISMAYED, FOR I AM YOUR GOD. I
WILL STRENGTHEN YOU AND HELP YOU; I WILL UPHOLD YOU WITH MY RIGHTEOUS
RIGHT HAND.