Automotive

Networking
BITS Prof.Animesh Giri

Pilani
Pilani Campus
 BITS
Pilani
Pilani Campus

Automotive Networking – AEL

ZG534
Lecture No. 1
Automotive
Networks
Principles of Networking
Basic, current and future vehicular networks
Open Systems Interconnection Model
Bus systems
In-vehicle networks
Layered communication
Topologies, Medium and Data transmission Protocols
ECU Architecture
Intra-Vehicle Communication Information
dissemination

Beaconing and Intelligent Transport Systems

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 Car
Network

Network is a group of elements exchanging information

Transport medium is called the bus
Each element can be called a node

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https://blog.teledynelecroy.com/2023/02/the-
evolution-of-in-vehicle-network.html
https://www.todaysoftmag.com/article/2427/
automotive-enet-interface-broadcast
Topolog
y
Linear Bus
Easy addition of subscribers
Information distributed in the form of messages
Individual node failure does not affect the rest of the network
Main cable damage will disrupt the network

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Topolog
y
Star
Central node or hub to which all nodes are connected
If central node fails, entire network is disabled
Central node may only need to relay messages and not
necessary to have control mechanisms

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Topolog
y
Ring topology
Each node connected to two nodes to form a closed ring
Node receives data if intended for that node
Otherwise it is passed on to next node Single
point failure disrupts the network

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Topolog
y
Mesh
Each node connected to multiple nodes
Reliable but expensive
Connection failures can be overcome

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Hybrid
topologies
Star-Bus and Star-Ring Topologies
Star networks interconnected in a Bus topology
Star networks in a ring or star topology

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Addressing

Subscriber Oriented Addressing:

Messages addressed to a particular node All
receivers receive the message
Address information in the message is compared and the node with
the matching address processes the message
Ex: Ethernet

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Addressing
Message Oriented addressing
Message identifier is used for addressing type
Transmitter need not know the destination
Nodes that are interested in the message will process the
message based on the functionality of the message

Transmission oriented message

A fixed time-window used for transmitting a message
Can be Subscriber or Function based message

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Addressing

Transmission oriented message

A fixed time-window used for transmitting a message
Can be Subscriber or Function based message
-These can also be called synchronous messages that are
broadcast periodically with a defined time interval

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Bus Access
Method
Predictable
Bus access determined by Time dependent access
Collisions are avoided
TDMA –Time division multiple access
Random
Access timing is random
Nodes may access the bus at any time. Possibility of
collisions exist
Transmission needs to be repeated if collision occurs
CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access
Transmitters may be given codes or priorities for bus access
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Bus Access
Method
Master-Slave method
Master node determines communication frequency with selected slave nodes
Slave may contact Master for information also
Ex: Door module may request position of power window

Multi-master
Any node can initiate a message after checking if bus is free
Collision detection and handling to be provided
Priority for bus access should be defined

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OSI reference
model
Open Systems Interconnect model: Network protocols in the
automotive area are often divided up into
• Physical layer
• Communication layer and
• Application layer (user layer)

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Physical
Layer
• Electrical and procedural parameters of the physical
connection between the network subscribers is defined in
the physical layer.
• Signal Level

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Bit Stream – UART
frame
UART frame
Information is transmitted in binary form one bit at a time with a fixed interval Participating
nodes will be tuned to same bit timing
Start Bit- LSB……MSB- Parity bit-Stop Bit
Parity bit indicates whether the number of data bits are even or odd
For even parity, parity bit is added to bit stream to make the numbers of 1 bits an
even number
For odd parity, the parity bit is added to make the number of 1 bits odd

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Parity
calculations
What is the parity bit for the following bit streams?
1) 00111011P if the stream is to have even parity
2) 00111011P if the stream is to have odd parity

What is bit X if this data stream has even parity with P =1 3)

0110X101P
4)0000000X10P

What is bit X if the data stream has odd parity with P =0

5) X00001011P

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Communication
Layer
• Message frame format
• Bus access control
• Message addressing
• Detection and handling of collisions
• Network node synchronization
• Checksum calculation

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Control
Mechanism
Event Control
Event occurrence triggers a
message transmission

Priority is given precedence

when multiple events occur

Ex: Pressing a Button on AC

panel

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Control
Mechanism
Timer Control
Time windows are assigned for data transmission
Low latency
Predictable timing
Reliable data
transmission

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Bus
Systems
Classification based on Data rates

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Vehicle Bus
Systems

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Vehicle Bus
Systems

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Gateways for
Protocol conversion

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Vehicle Network-
Compact Class

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Luxury Class Vehicle
Network

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ECU Architecture-
Central Control
Unit

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Lower Class Passenger
Car
Central Control Unit Controller System
• ECU is connected to the interior CAN bus as the main
communication channel
• Intelligent minor ECUs or sensors in LIN bus.
• 32-bit CPU at 64MHz, 1 MByte ROM, 64kBytes RAM,
32kBytes of NVRAM
• 1 CAN and 3 LIN communication interfaces

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Functions
Covered
• Exterior and interior light
• Wiper and washer function
• Power and energy management
•Power window control Software
OSEK operating system

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Software Architecture-
RTOS

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Intra Vehicle
Systems

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Beaconing and Intelligent
Transportation
• Collision and Congestion avoidance
• Law enforcement
• Highway Lane Reservation
• Emission Control

Information networks provide beacon messages to vehicles

Inter-vehicle messages
Mesh networks

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Questions?

1. Describe the various network topology connectivity of

five nodes with suitable block diagrams
2. Draw the waveform of UART bitstream for transmitting
the following data a) 0xF2 with odd parity b)0xCA with
even parity.
3. Draw the UART transmission waveform of the following
data:a) 0xAC, even parity at 9600 and 4800 baud b)0x39,
odd parity at 110 baud and 480 baud
4. Determine the bit X with parity bit P =1 if the 8-bit
transmission is as follows:a)0111X110 b)101011X1
c)1110010X d)X1010110

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Questions

5. Distinguish between the various classes of CAN data

transmission based on speed
6. Draw the event timing diagram for eight events that are
scheduled one second after another in the order Event 1,
Event 2…Event 8 but the order of priority from highest to
lowest is Event 3, Event 6, Event 4, Event 1, Event 7, Event 8,
Event 2, Event 5. a)Assume that each event takes 1 second to
complete b)Assume each event takes
0.5 sec to complete

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