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 OBJECTIVE: 9 -METALS
9.1: 1. Properties of metals
2 Describe the general chemical properties of metals, limited to their reactions with:
(a) dilute acids, (b) cold water and steam, (c) Oxygen
9.2 Uses of metals
9.3 Alloys and their properties
1- Describe an alloy as a mixture of a metal with other elements, including:
2- Explain in terms of structure how alloys can be harder and stronger than the pure metals
3- Describe the uses of alloys in terms of their physical properties,
4- Identify representations of alloys from diagrams of structure
9.4 Reactivity series
1 - State the order of the reactivity series
2- Describe the relative reactivities of metals in terms of their tendency to form positive ions, by
displacement reactions,
3- Describe the reactions, and explain these reactions in terms of the position of the metals in the
reactivity series
4- Explain the apparent unreactivity of aluminium in terms of its oxide layer
5 - Deduce an order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results
Properties of non-metal
elements
•Do not conduct heat and
electricity
•Are brittle when solid and
easily break up
•Tend to be dull and non
reflective
•Have low density
and low melting points
(many are gases at room
temperature)
•Form negative ions through
electron gain (except for
hydrogen)
•Form acidic oxide
Properties of metals
•Conduct heat and electricity
•Are malleable (can be
hammered and made into
different
shapes) and ductile (can be
drawn into wires)
•Tend to be lustrous (shiny)
•Have high density and usually
have high melting points
•Form positive ions through
electron loss
•Form basic oxides
METALLIC BONDING
2) Malleable and ductile
•Malleability refers to the ability to be
beaten or hammered into shapes without
breaking.
•Ductility refers to the ability to be
stretched or drawn into wires without
breaking.
•In pure metals, same size atoms are
packed closely together in a regular
pattern. When a force is applied to a
metal, the layers of metal atoms can slide In pure metals, same size atoms
past each other. As such, pure metals are are packed together in a regular
known to be soft, malleable and ductile arrangement
3. Usually have high densities

Atoms in a metal are packed tightly in layers and are held

together by strong metallic bonds. As such, there is large
number of atoms per unit volume i.e. high densities.
4. Usually have high melting points and boiling points

In the metal lattice, the atoms lose their valence (outermost

shell) electrons and become positively charged metal ions. The
valence electrons are said to be delocalised out into the empty
spaces (‘sea’). Strong electrostatic forces of attraction exists
between the positively charged metal ions and the negatively
charged electrons. Large amount of energy is required to
overcome these forces.
9.2 Uses of metals

uses of metals in terms of their physical properties:

(a) aluminium in the manufacture of aircraft because of its low density

(b) aluminium in the manufacture of overhead electrical cables because of
its low density and good electrical conductivity
(c) aluminium in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion
(d) copper in electrical wiring because of its good electrical conductivity
and ductility
 Properties & Uses of Alloys
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals or metal with a non-
metal such as carbon.

Alloys often have properties that can be very different from the
metals they contain, for example, they can have
more strength, hardness or resistance to corrosion or
extreme temperatures
These enhanced properties can make alloys more useful than
pure metals

The regular arrangement of a metal lattice structure is distorted

in alloys
Common alloys and their uses
•Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and is much stronger than either
metal
It is used in musical instruments, ornaments and door knobs

•Stainless steel is a mixture of iron and other elements, for example,

chromium, nickel and carbon
It is used in cutlery because of its hardness and resistance to corrosion

•Alloys of iron with tungsten are extremely hard and resistant to

high temperatures
•Alloys of iron mixed with chromium or nickel are resistant to corrosion
•Aluminium is mixed with copper, manganese and silicon for aircraft
body production as the alloy is stronger but still has a low density
Explaining the Properties of Alloys

•Alloys contain atoms of different sizes, which distorts the

normally regular arrangements of atoms in metals
•This makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each
other, so alloys are usually much harder than the pure metal
Chemical Properties of Metals

General chemical properties of

metals
• The chemistry of metals is studied
by analyzing their reactions with water,
dilute acid and oxygen
• Based on these reactions,
a reactivity series of metals can be
produced

•Reactivity with water

Some metals react with water, either
warm or cold, or with steam
In the Reactivity Series, metals are arranged from the most reactive to the least
reactive.
So how is the order of reactivity of metals being determined?
The order of reactivity of metals are determined by the scientists based on the:
• Reaction of metals with cold water or steam
• Reaction of metals with dilute acids such as hydrochloric acid
 Determining the Order of Reactivity of Metals

A) Reaction of Metals with Cold Water or Steam

• The more reactive metals tend to react with cold water to form metal hydroxide
(alkaline solution) and hydrogen gas.
• This reaction can be easily represented by the following word equation:
Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas
Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
• Note that a more reactive metal will react more violently with cold water.

• Some metals such as zinc and iron, do not react with cold water but they do react with
steam. Such metals will react with steam to form metal oxide and hydrogen gas.
• This reaction can be easily represented by the following word equation:
Metal + Steam → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen Gas
Zn (s) + H2O (g) → ZnO (s) + H2 (g)
• Note that a more reactive metal reacts violently with steam.
B) Reactivity with acids

•Most metals react with dilute acids such as HCl

•When acids and metals react, the hydrogen atom in the acid is replaced by the
metal atom to produce a salt and hydrogen gas, for example iron:

metal + acid → salt + hydrogen

Fe (s) + 2HCl (aq) → FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

C) Reactivity with oxygen

• Unreactive metals such as gold and platinum do not react with oxygen
•Some reactive metals such as the alkali metals react easily with oxygen
•Copper and iron can also react with oxygen although much more slowly
•When metals react with oxygen a metal oxide is formed, for example copper:

metal + oxygen → metal oxide

2Cu (s) + O2 (g) → 2CuO (s)
 REVISIT OBJECTIVE
9 - Metals
9.1 Properties of metals
1 Compare the general physical properties of metals and non-metals,
including:
(a) thermal conductivity
(b) electrical conductivity
(c) malleability and ductility
(d) melting points and boiling points
2 Describe the general chemical properties of metals, limited to their reactions
with:
(a) dilute acids
(b) cold water and steam
(c) Oxygen
9.2 Uses of metals

1 Describe the uses of metals in terms of their physical properties,

including:
(a) aluminium in the manufacture of aircraft because of its low density
(b) aluminium in the manufacture of overhead electrical cables because of
its low density and good electrical conductivity
(c) aluminium in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion
(d) copper in electrical wiring because of its good electrical conductivity
and ductility
9.3 Alloys and their properties

1- Describe an alloy as a mixture of a metal with other elements,

including:
(a) brass as a mixture of copper and zinc
(b) stainless steel as a mixture of iron and other elements such as
chromium, nickel and carbon
2- Explain in terms of structure how alloys can be harder and
stronger than the pure metals because the different sized
atoms or ions in alloys mean the layers can no longer slide
over each other
3- Describe the uses of alloys in terms of their physical
properties, including stainless steel in cutlery because of its
hardness and resistance to rusting
4- Identify representations of alloys from diagrams of structure
9.4 Reactivity series

1- State the order of the reactivity series as: potassium, sodium, calcium,
magnesium, aluminum, carbon, zinc, iron, hydrogen, copper, silver, gold
2- Describe the relative reactivities of metals in terms of their tendency to
form positive ions, by displacement reactions, if any, with the aqueous
ions of magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and silver
3- Describe the reactions, if any, of:
(a) potassium, sodium and calcium with cold water
(b) magnesium with steam
(c) magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, silver and gold with dilute hydrochloric
acid and explain these reactions in terms of the position of the metals in
the reactivity series
4 - Explain the apparent unreactivity of aluminium in terms of its oxide
layer
5- Deduce an order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results
Made by,
Naureen Fatima