KONDISI DAN PARA

TOKOH MANAJEMEN
DI AWAL ERA
INDUSTRI

06/27/24 1
 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HERALDED A
NEW AGE FOR CIVILIZATION. THE CULTURAL
REBIRTH HAD CREATED NEW SOCIAL,
ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS RIPE
FOR ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY.

SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENTS IN
TECHNOLOGY MADE POSSIBLE LARGE
COMBINATIONS OF PHYSICAL AND HUMAN
RESOURCES AND UNSHARED IN THE
FACTORY SYSTEM TO REPLACE THE
DOMESTIC SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION.

06/27/24 2
 GREAT BRITAIN
 INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS IS ALWAYS
CLOSELY TIED TO : (1) ADVANCEMENTS
IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, (2) A
SHIFT IN LAND-USE POLICY IN
ENGLAND, (3) HUMANKIND BEGAN TO
IMPROVE METHODS  THERE HAVE
BEEN ADVENCEMENTS IN
TECHNOLOGY OR THE ART OF MAKING
AND USING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT.
 JOHANNES GUTENBERG (1400-1468)
 JAMES WATT (1776)

06/27/24 3
 REVOLUSI INDUSTRI ADALAH PERUBAHAN
TEKNOLOGI, SOSIOEKONOMI, DAN BUDAYA
PADA AKHIR ABAD KE-18 DAN AWAL ABAD KE-19
YANG TERJADI DENGAN PENGGANTIAN
EKONOMI YANG BERDASARKAN PEKERJA
MENJADI YANG DIDOMINASI OLEH INDUSTRI
DAN DIPRODUKSI MESIN.
REVOLUSI INI DIMULAI DI INGGRIS DENGAN
PERKENALAN MESIN UAP (DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN BATU BARA SEBAGAI BAHAN
BAKAR) DAN DITENAGAI OLEH MESIN
(TERUTAMA DALAM PRODUKSI TEKSTIL).
PERKEMBANGAN PERALATAN MESIN LOGAM-
KESELURUHAN PADA DUA DEKADE PERTAMA
DARI ABAD KE-19 MEMBUAT PRODUK MESIN
PRODUKSI UNTUK DIGUNAKAN DI INDUSTRI
LAINNYA.
06/27/24 4
MESIN UAP WATT DI MADRID. PENGEMBANGAN MESIN UAP
MEMULAI REVOLUSI INDUSTRI DI BRITANIA RAYA. MESIN UAP
DICIPTAKAN UNTUK MEMOMPA AIR DARI TAMBANG BATU BARA,
MEMBUAT MEREKA MENJADI LEBIH DALAM.
06/27/24 5
 JOHANN GUTENBERG
JOHANNES GENSFLEISCH ZUR LADEN ZUM
GUTENBERG (SEKITAR 1398 - 3 FEBRUARI 1468)
ADALAH SEORANG PANDAI LOGAM DAN
PENCIPTA BERKEBANGSAAN JERMAN YANG
MEMPEROLEH KETENARAN BERKAT
SUMBANGANNYA BAGI TEKNOLOGI
PERCETAKAN PADA TAHUN 1450-AN, TERMASUK
ALOY LOGAM HURUF (TYPE METAL) DAN TINTA
BERBASIS-MINYAK, CETAKAN UNTUK
MENCETAK HURUF SECARA TEPAT, DAN
SEJENIS MESIN CETAK BARU YANG
BERDASARKAN PENCETAK YANG DIGUNAKAN
DALAM MEMBUAT ANGGUR.

06/27/24 6
 ADAM SMITH AND JAMES WATT WERE THE
MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR DESTROYING THE
OLD BRITAIN, BUILDING A NEW ONE AND
LAUNCHING THE WORLD TOWARD
INDUSTRIALIZATION.

 SMITH BROUGHT ABOUT REVOLUTION IN

ECONOMIC THOUGHT, AND WATT  THE
REVOLUTION IN THE USE OF STEAM ENGINE

06/27/24 7
JOHN ADAM SMITH (5 JUNI 1723 – 17 JULI 1790), ADALAH
SEORANG FILSUF BERKEBANGSAAN SKOTLANDIA YANG
MENJADI PELOPOR ILMU EKONOMI MODERN. KARYANYA YANG
TERKENAL ADALAH BUKU "AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND
CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS" (DISINGKAT "WEALTH OF
NATION") ADALAH BUKU PERTAMA YANG MENGGAMBARKAN
SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN INDUSTRI DAN PERDAGANGAN DI
EROPA SERTA DASAR-DASAR PERKEMBANGAN
PERDAGANGAN BEBAS DAN KAPITALISME.
06/27/24 8
 PHYLLIS DEANE
 PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY
LOW PER CAPITA INCOME, ECONOMIC STAGNATION,
DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURE, A LOW DEGREE OF
SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR, AND VERY LITTLE
GEOGRAPHICAL INTEGRATION OF MARKETS.

 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY

RISING OR HIGH PER CAPITA INCOME, ECONOMIC
GROWTH, LOW DEPENDENCE ON AGRICULTURE, A HIGH
DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR , AND A
WIDESPREAD GEOGRAPHICAL INTEGRATION OF
MARKETS.

 DEANE CONCLUDED THAT THE SHIFT IN GREAT BRITAIN

FROM A PREINDUSTRIAL TO AN INDUSTRIAL NATION
BECAME MOST EVIDENT IN 1750 AND ACCELERATED
THEREAFTER
06/27/24 9
 THE FOURTH FACTOR OF
PRODUCTION
BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION  ECONOMIC THEORY
FOCUSED ON TWO FACTORS OF PRODUCTION : LAND
AND LABOR, AND RECOGNIZED CAPITAL AS AN INPUT
FACTOR ONLY AS CHURCH BONDS LOOSENED.

JEAN BAPTISTE SAY (1767 – 1832), A FRENCH

ECONOMIST, WAS THE FIRST TO RECOGNIZE
EXPLICITLY A FOURTH FACTOR OF PRODUCTION. SAY
NOTED THAT SOME “ADVENTURERS”
(ENTREPRENEURS) OWNED THE UNDERTAKING BUT
MORE FREQUENTLY THAN NOT THEY OWNED ONLY A
SHARE, HAVING BORROWED FROM OTHERS OR
HAVING FORMED A PARTNERSHIP.

06/27/24 10
 THE ADVENTURER THUS BECAME A MANAGER FOR
OTHERS AND ASSUMED AN ADDITIONAL RISK IN
COMBINING THE FACTORS OF LAND, LABOR AND
CAPITAL.

“…AT ONE TIME HE MUST EMPLOY A GREAT NUMBER

OF HANDS; AT ANOTHER, BUY OR ORDER THE RAW
MATERIAL, COLLECT LABOURERS, FIND CONSUMERS,
AND GIVE AT ALL TIMES A RIGID ATTENTION TO
ORDER AND ECONOMY; IN A WORD, HE MUST POSSED
THE ART SUPERINTENDENCE AND ADMINISTRATION…
THERE IS ALWAYS A DEGRRE OF RISK ATTENDING
SUCH UNDERTAKING …(AND) ADVENTURER MAY…
SINK HIS FORTUNE, AND IN SOME MEASURE HIS
CHARACTER…”

06/27/24 11
 MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN
EARLY FACTORY

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPAWNED A NUMBER

OF INDUSTRIAL, AND THE EARLY 1800S WERE
CHARACTERIZED BY THE GROWTH OF THIS FIRMS IN
AN INCREASINGLY COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT.

COMPETITION STILL DEMANDED GROWTH, BUT THE

RETARDING FACTOR WAS THE LACK OF A POOL OF
TRAINED MANAGERS WHO COULD COPED WITH LARGE
SCALE FACTORY PROBLEMS.

06/27/24 12
 HENCE THE SIZE OF THE EARLY FIRM
WAS OFTEN LIMITED BY THE NUMBER
OF PEOPLE THE ENTREPRENEUR
COULD SUPERVISE PERSONALLY. THE
RESULT WAS DUAL LINE OF ADVANCE
FOR THE FACTORY SYSTEM; ON THE
ONE HAND, TECHNOLOGY AND
CAPITAL MADE A LARGER SCALE OF
PRODUCTION POSSIBLE AND FORCES
OF COMPETITION MADE A LARGER
SIZE IMPERATIVE; ON OTHER HAND,
THE ENLARGEMENT OF OPERATIONS
CREATED A MYRIAD OF MANAGERIAL
PROBLEM

06/27/24 13
 THE LABOR PROBLEM
 RECRUITMENT
It was difficult to recruit a work
force that had necessary skills.
Labor mobility was enhanced by
wage incentives, but traditions
bound some their trades and others
to their agrarian life

06/27/24 14
 TRAINING
AN EVEN MORE SERIOUS PROBLEM, HOWEVER, CAME
IN THE FORM OF THE NEW SKILLS NEEDED IN THE
FACTORY, BUT NO PREVIOUS JOBS HAD REQUIRED
EXACTLY THESE SAME SKILLS. TRANSFERRING THE
WORKERS’EXISTING SKILLS TO NEW SITUATIONS
MEANT PROBLEMS OF TRAINING AS WELL AS
RESISTANCE TO THE NEW

 DISCIPLINE AND MOTIVATION

THE FACTORY SUBSTITUTED A DIFFERENT DISCIPLINE
 IT DEMANDED REGULARITY RATHER THAN SPURTS
OF WORK; AND ACCURACY AND STANDARDIZATION
RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALITY IN DESIGN AND
METHODS  APPARENTLY THE NEW HABITS DID NOT
COME EASILY

06/27/24 15
 EFFORTS TO MOTIVATE PEOPLE FELL
INTO THREE CATEGORIES AND, ON
CLOSE INSPECTION APPEAR TO HAVE
CHANGED ONLY IN APPLICATION, NOT
THEORY, UP TO THE PRESENT DAY 
POSITIVE INDUCEMENT (THE CARROT),
NEGATIVE SANCTION (THE STICK) AND
EFFORTS TO BUILD NEW FACTORY
ETHOS (USE RELIGIOUS MORALS AND
VALUES) BECAME THE METHODS FOR
PROVIDING AND DISCIPLINE.

06/27/24 16
 THE SEARCH FOR
MANAGERIAL TALENT
(1) NO COMMON BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT HOW TO MANAGE, (2) EARLY
MANAGERIAL SALARIES LEFT MUCH TO BE
DESIRED.

06/27/24 17
CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

THE REVOLUTION WAS NOT ONLY

TECHNOLOGICAL BUT CULTURAL. THE NEW
MACHINES, THE NEW FACTORIES, AND THE
NEW CITIES SHOOK PEOPLE’S TRADITION-
BASED ROOTS AND DEMANDED
PARTICIPATION IN A NEW ERA.

06/27/24 18
 THE CONDITION OF THE
WORKER
THOMAS MALTHUS : POPULATION INCREASES IN
GEOMETRIC PROPORTION WHILE THE FOOD SUPPLY
AT BEST INCREASES ONLY ARITHMETICALLY

DAVID RICARDO “IRON LAW OF WAGES” : IN THE LONG

RUN REAL WAGES WOULD TEND TO STABILIZE AT
SOME MINIMUM LEVEL THAT WOULD PROVIDE THE
WORKER WITH JUST ENOUGH MEANS TO SUBSIST.

ROBERT OWEN : PEOPLE AS POWERLESS IN THEIR

ENVIRONMENT AND WANTED TO REPLACE THE
INDIVIDUALISM OF THE MARKET WITH A COMMUNAL
LIFE

06/27/24 19
 KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS :
BECAUSE PEOPLE WERE POWERLESS AND
BECAUSE THEY WERE KEPT AT THE
SUBSISTENCE LEVEL BY THE EXPLOITATION
OF THE FACTORY MASTERS, THEY HAD TO
UNITE TO BREAK THEIR CHAINS.

06/27/24 20
 THOMAS MALTHUS 1766-1834

06/27/24 21
 PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK CENDERUNG MELAMPUI
PERTUMBUHAN PERSEDIAAN MAKANAN.

PENDUDUK CENDERUNG TUMBUH SECARA "DERET

UKUR" (MISALNYA, DALAM LAMBANG 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 DAN
SETERUSNYA) SEDANGKAN PERSEDIAAN MAKANAN
CENDERUNG BERTUMBUH SECARA "DERET HITUNG"
(MISALNYA, DALAM DERET 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 DAN
SETERUSNYA).

DALAM TERBITAN-TERBITAN BELAKANGAN, MALTHUS

MENEKANKAN LAGI TESISNYA, TETAPI TIDAK SEKAKU
SEMULA, DENGAN HANYA BERKATA BAHWA
PENDUDUK CENDERUNG BERTUMBUH SECARA TAK
TERBATAS HINGGA MENCAPAI BATAS PERSEDIAAN
MAKANAN.

06/27/24 22
 DARI KEDUA BENTUK URAIAN TESIS ITU, MALTHUS
BERKESIMPULAN BAHWA KUANTITAS MANUSIA AKAN
KEJEBLOS KE DALAM RAWA-RAWA KEMISKINAN DAN
BERADA DITUBIR KELAPARAN. DALAM JANGKA
PANJANG, TAK ADA KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI YANG
DAPAT MENGALIHKAN KEADAAN ITU, KARENA
KENAIKAN SUPLAI MAKANAN TERBATAS, SEDANGKAN
"PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK TAK TERBATAS, DAN
BUMI TAK MAMPU MEMPRODUSIR MAKANAN BUAT
MENJAGA EKSISTENSI MANUSIA.“

MALTHUS BERUSUL, CARA LEBIH BAIK UNTUK

MENCEGAH KEBANYAKAN PENDUDUK ADALAH
"PENGENDALIAN MORAL."

06/27/24 23
 DAVID RICARDO

APRIL 18, 1772

Born
LONDON, ENGLAND
SEPTEMBER 11, 1823
Died
GLOUCESTERSHIRE, ENGLAND

06/27/24 24
 DAVID RICARDO (APRIL 18, 1772 — SEPTEMBER 11, 1823), A
BRITISH POLITICAL ECONOMIST, IS OFTEN CREDITED WITH
SYSTEMATIZING ECONOMICS, AND WAS ONE OF THE MOST
INFLUENTIAL OF THE CLASSICAL ECONOMISTS. HE WAS
ALSO A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSMAN, FINANCIER AND
SPECULATOR, AND AMASSED A CONSIDERABLE FORTUNE.

RICARDO'S MOST FAMOUS WORK IS HIS

IRON LAW OF WAGES, A DOCUMENT WHICH SHOWS HIS
CAPITALIST TENDENCIES. IN THIS BOOK RICARDO STATES
THAT THE WAGES OF 19TH CENTURY BRITISH WORKERS
SHOULD NOT BE INCREASED, THOUGH IT WAS ENCOURAGED
GREATLY BY THE MASSES. THIS WAS DUE TO HIS
OBSERVATION OF THE DIRECT LINK EVIDENT BETWEEN
MONEY AND POPULATION. AN INCREASE IN INCOME OF
WORKERS EQUALS AN INCREASE IN CHILDREN, RESULTING
IN A LARGER WORKFORCE.

06/27/24 25
 SUCH AN INCREASE MEANS THAT EMPLOYERS WILL
BE FORCED TO LOWER WAGES AS THEIR WORKING
POPULATION GROWS EXPONENTIALLY. ALSO, THE
SURPLUS OF WORKERS AND LOWER WAGES WILL
COMBINE TO CREATE A GREATER STATE OF POVERTY
THAT EXISTED BEFORE WAGES WERE ORIGINALLY
RAISED. ULTIMATELY, HE FAVOURED EMPLOYERS FAR
MORE THAN WORKERS

ALSO IMPORTANT WAS RICARDO'S WORK ON THE

CONCEPT OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE. ACCORDING
TO RICARDO'S THEORY, EVEN IF A COUNTRY COULD
PRODUCE EVERYTHING MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN
ANOTHER COUNTRY, IT WOULD REAP GAINS FROM
SPECIALIZING IN WHAT IT WAS BEST AT PRODUCING
AND TRADING WITH OTHER NATIONS. COMPARATIVE
ADVANTAGE FORMS THE BASIS OF MODERN TRADE
THEORY.

06/27/24 26
 KARL MARX

06/27/24 27
 KARL HEINRICH MARX (TRIER, JERMAN, 5 MEI 1818 –
LONDON, 14 MARET 1883) ADALAH SEORANG AHLI
FALSAFAH, POLITIK DAN PAKAR THEORI
KEMASYARAKATAN PRUSIA. WALAUPUN MARX
MENANGANI BANYAK ISU SEPANJANG KERJAYANYA
SEBAGAI PEMBERITA DAN AHLI FALSAFAH, DIA
PALING DIKENALI KERANA ANALISA SEJARAHNYA
DARI SEGI PERTELINGKAHAN GOLONGAN KELAS,
DIRINGKASKAN DALAM DALILNYA BAHWA,
"KEPENTINGAN KAPITALIS DAN BURUH
BERTENTANGAN SATU SAMA LAIN."[1] TULISANNYA
MEMBENTUK ASAS KEPADA PERGERAKAN KOMUNIS
DAN SOSIALIS.

06/27/24 28
 FRIEDRICH ENGELS, 1820-1895

06/27/24 29
 FRIEDRICH ENGELS WAS BORN IN 1820 IN BARMEN,
GERMANY. HIS FATHER WAS A WEALTHY MAN WITH
INTERESTS IN A TEXTILE BUSINESS IN ENGLAND.

IN THE EARLY 1840S HE SPENT A FEW YEARS IN

ENGLAND WORKING AS A MANAGER AT ONE OF HIS
FATHER'S MILLS. IT WAS THIS EXPERIENCE THAT
PRODUCED HIS FIRST PROMINENT WORK, "THE
CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASS IN ENGLAND"
PUBLISHED IN 1844. IN 1847 MARX WAS ASKED TO
WRITE A DOCUMENT PROCLAIMING THE PRINCIPLES
OF COMMUNISM FOR "THE COMMUNIST LEAGUE".
ENGELS COLLABORATED AND HELPED WRITE THE
NOW FAMOUS COMMUNIST MANIFESTO.

06/27/24 30
 CHILD AND FEMALE LABOR
CHILD AND FEMALE WORKERS WERE
FOUND PRIMARLY IN THE TEXTILE
INDUSTRY

CONCERN IN GREAT BRITAIN OVER

CHILD LABOR PRACTICES LED TO TWO
FAMOUS PARLIAMENTARY
INVESTIGATIONS : ROBERT OWEN
(1819) & SIR ROBERT PEEL (SADLER
COMMITTEE OF 1832).
06/27/24 31
 ROBERT PEEL

06/27/24 32
 ROBERT PEEL WAS BORN IN BURY, LANCASHIRE, ON
5TH FEBRUARY, 1788. HIS FATHER, SIR ROBERT PEEL
(1750-1830), WAS A WEALTHY COTTON
MANUFACTURER AND MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR
TAMWORTH. ROBERT WAS TRAINED AS A CHILD TO
BECOME A FUTURE POLITICIAN. EVERY SUNDAY
EVENING HE HAD TO REPEAT THE TWO CHURCH
SERMONS THAT HE HAD HEARD THAT DAY.

06/27/24 33
ROBERT OWEN, 1771-1858

ROBERT OWEN : THE SEARCH FOR A NEW HARMONY

06/27/24 34
 ROBERT OWEN (1771 – 1858) WAS A PARADOX IN THE
TURBULENT ERA OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. A
SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR HIMSELF, HE ATTEMPTED TO
HALT THE SURGE OF INDUSTRIALISM AND THE EVILS HE SAW IN
IT IS HE CALLED FOR A NEW MORAL ORDER BASED ON A
SOCIAL REORGANIZATION.

HE HAD VISION OF A NEW INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY THAT WAS TO

BE A COMBINATION OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL
COMMUNE AND HARKENED BACK TO THE LOST DAYS OF MORE
PRIMITIVE PEOPLE.

06/27/24 35
 PHILOSOPHICALLY, HE VIEWED PEOPLE AS POWERLESS,
HELD IN GRIPS OF REVOLUTIONARY FORCES OF THE
AGE OF MACHINERY, WHICH DESTROYED MORAL
PURPOSE AND SOCIAL SOLIDARITY. HIS STRUGGLE WAS
A LONG AND FRUSTRATING ONE, AND HE APPEARS IN
HISTORY AS A KING CANUTE ORDERING THE WAVES OF
PROGRESS TO RECEDE
06/27/24 36
 CHARLES BABBAGE

06/27/24 37
 CHARLES BABBAGE
CHARLES BABBAGE : THE IRASCIBLE GENIUS

CHARLES BABBAGE (1792 – 1871) AN IRASCIBLE GENIUS

IS TO PAY HIM THE GREATEST COMPLIMENT, FOR HE
FITTED BOTH QUALITIES AND EMERGED AS SIGNIFICANT
FIGURE IN MANAGEMENT THOUGHT WELL BEFORE FW.
TAYLOR.

LARGELY TECHNIQUE ORIENTED LIKE HIS

CONTEMPORARIES, BABBAGE’S APPLICATION OF
TECHNOLOGICAL AIDS TO HUMAN EFFORT EARNED HIM
A PLACE IN HISTORY AS THE PATRON SAINT OF
OPERATION RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE.

06/27/24 38
 HE THEORIZED AND APPLIED A SCIENTIFIC
APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT LONG
BEFORE THE SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
ERA BEGAN IN THE UNITED STATES.

BABBAGE USED HIS INHERITANCE IN

LIFELONG QUEST “INTO THE CAUSE OF
ALL THOSE LITTLE THINGS AND EVENTS
WHICH ASTONISH THE CHILDISH MIND”

06/27/24 39
 HE REMARKED THAT HIS FIRST QUESTION
AFTER RECEIVING A NEW TOY WAS
INVARIABLY “MAMMA, WHAT IS INSIDE OF IT ?”
AND HE ALSO INVARIABLY BROKE OPEN THE
TOY IF THE ANSWER DID NOT APPEAR
SATISFACTORY.

THE VALUE OF HIS WORK WAS RECOGNIZED BY

FEW OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES, AND WAS
GENERALLY CONSIDERED A CRACKPOT BY HIS
NEIGHBORS.

06/27/24 40
 HIS PERSONAL TRAITS WERE NOT ENDEARING
TO THOSE WHO DISTURBED HIS COGITATIONS.
IN RETALIATION AGAINST THE UBIQUITOUS
ENGLISH ORGAN-GRINDERS, HE BLEW BUGLES
AND CREATED A COMMOTION OUTSIDE HIS
HOUSE TO SCARE THEM AWAY.

THE FIRST COMPUTER

ANALYZING INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS  “ON
THE ECONOMY OF MACHINERY AND
MANUFACTURERS”

06/27/24 41
 WHY DID FW TAYLOR AND NOT CHARLES
BABBAGE, RECEIVE CREDIT FOR FOUNDING
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ?

 EARLY WRITING EMPHASIZED THE TECHNIQUES

AND NOT MANAGING PER SE.

 THE PERIOD WAS DOMINATED BY THE TECHNICAL

GENIUS, THE INVENTOR PIONEER AND THE OWNER-
FOUNDER.

 THE STATE OF THE ART OF DISSEMINATING

KNOWLEDGE MUST BE CONSIDERED.

06/27/24 42
 ANDREW URE

06/27/24 43
 ANDREW URE
ANDREW URE : PIONEERING IN MANAGEMENT
EDUCATION

IT WAS THE TASK OF ANDREW URE (1778 – 1857) TO

PROVIDE ACADEMIC TRAINING FOR FLEDGLING
MANAGERS IN THE EARLY FACTORY SYSTEM.

EDUCATIONAL PRESSURES FOR TECHNICALLY TRAINED

WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS AND MANAGERS SOON
SHIFTED THE COMPOSITION OF URE’S CLASSES FROM
WORKERS TO CLERKS, WAREHOUSE WORKERS,
ARTISANS, AND SHOPKEEPERS. FROM THESE CLASSES
MANAGERS FOR THE EVER-GROWING FACTORY SYSTEM
WERE TO BE RECRUITED.
06/27/24 44
 ANDREW URE WAS BORN IN GLASGOW ON
18TH MAY 1778. BORN INTO A WEALTHY
FAMILY, URE RECEIVED AN EXPENSIVE
EDUCATION. AFTER PERIODS AT GLASGOW
UNIVERSITY AND EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY, HE
BECAME PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AT ANDERSON
COLLEGE, GLASGOW.

WHILE IN GLASGOW URE ESTABLISHED A

COURSE OF POPULAR SCIENTIFIC LECTURES
FOR WORKING MEN IN THE CITY.

06/27/24 45
 URE KNEW THE FRENCH ENGINEER AND
MANAGEMENT WRITER CHARLES DUPIN,
AND WHEN DUPIN VISITED GREAT BRITAIN
IN 1816 – 1818, URE ESCORTED HIM AROUND
THE GALSGOW FACTORIES.

DUPIN COMMENTED THAT MANY MANAGERS

OF THESE FACTORIES WERE URE’S OWN
STUDENT. THIS FACT WAS
ACKNOWLEDGED BY URE, WHO SAID THAT
HIS STUDENTS WERE “ SPREAD OVER THE
UNITED KINGDOM AS PROPRIETORS AND
MANAGERS OF FACTORIES”

06/27/24 46
 PIERRE CHARLES FRANÇOIS
DUPIN

06/27/24 47
 BORN: 6 OCT 1784 IN VARZY, FRANCE
DIED: 18 JAN 1873 IN PARIS, FRANCE

CHARLES DUPIN : INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN FRENCH

CHARLES DUPIN (1784 – 1873), HIS CONTRIBUTION LAY IN THE

INFLUENCE HE HAD ON THE COURSE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION.

DUPIN’S WORK WAS INFLUENCED BY URE, AND, IN TURN, AS

SUGGESTED LATER, INFLUENCED HENRY FAYOL, ANOTHER PIONEER
WHOSE IDEAS HELPED LEAD TO MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORY 
PRINCIPLES OF MANUFACTURING

06/27/24 48