Tenure (Kepemilikan)

Tenure (Kepemilikan)

privately owned owner-occupied formal-sector housing legal versus illegal the housed
versus publicly versus rental versus informal-sector occupation of versus the
owned housing; housing; housing residential land homeless

We note at the outset that households may have good reasons, given their circumstances, to opt for any
combination of these forms of tenure

What is important to keep in mind, however, is that all forms of tenure provide a place to stay in the city

all forms of tenure contribute to the total housing supply and all are, in some sense, interchangeable.

Also a legitimate housing option, one that

it is of critical importance to monitor the composition of housing
tenures and to understand what it is that affects this composition
provides housing of zero quality, usually at
zero price, and with some location advantages
in terms of access to income-earning
opportunities and in terms of drawing attention
to one's plight
 Home Ownership

Home Ownership
focus on the cultural differences in the perceptions of owning a home in different countries,

government policies on rates of legal and institutional frameworks governing

homeownership. tenure rights

It is of growing concern to housing policy makers that governments tend to focus their energies on home ownership and neglect the maintenance of rental
markets.

In the making of housing policy, it is undoubtedly the balance between ownership and tenure that should be of prime concern. - the creation of a level
playing field

although

Marxist critics in market economies complained that home ownership "was
deliberately and intentionally fostered by governments and capitalist
interests in an attempt to bolster the bourgeois social order"
broaden vested interests in the survival of private property regimes, (b) create and
reinforce divisions within the working classes by helping the higher strata of workers
to own housing, (c) dissipate the revolutionary fervor of the masses by making them
dependent on the regular jobs necessary to make regular mortgages payments,
encourage workers to withdraw into the privacy of their homes and away from social
life, create a market for mass consumer goods
Informal-sector Housing
Informal-sector Housing

According to Braudel, who wrote on the pre-industrial city in Europe, every Begin From
lower-income groups Caused transition from
town, throughout history, had an informal fringe: "All the towns in the world,
came for colonialism to
beginning with those in the West, had their suburbs. They are the
urbanization independence
manifestations of its strength, even if they are wretched fringes, shanty
towns"

Create

These land subdivisions increased

The process called land supply by using land not zoned
“filtering down” residential, and by ignoring (and
indeed overcoming) the shortages of
infrastructure grids.
They could provide less expensive
plots by avoiding the expenses for
high-standard infrastructure services,
Through and disregarding fees and delays in
receiving permits
the development of mass transportation
supply of land for squatting, either through
organized invasions or through gradual
encroachment, was substantial
beyond the capacities of a less-organized
formal private sector to supply.

Informal-sector poor could not afford to pay for fully serviced

They are formed in the process of
Housing land in planned subdivisions zoned for
neglect, dilapidation, and abandonment
residential development, but they could
of houses that originally did meet codes
afford to pay for unserviced land in squatter
and regulations and were inhabited and
settlements or illegal commercial
cared for at acceptable levels of
subdivisions that did not conform to planning
maintenance and repair
and zoning regulations.
Homelessness
Homelessness

living in low-quality squatting

inadequate housing

long-term
unemployed
Poverty

mental hospitals who

had nowhere to go

Homelessness
drug and alcohol
abusers limited ability to earn
an adequate income

persons abandoned Means no place chances of a decent life in the future

No place for
by their families to leave their are completely gone.
sleep
possessions
escaping
from unbearable
domestic violence
Worse Poverty

released prisoners

social exclusion
 Homelessness
The Global Survey of Housing Indicators collected data on five tenure measures, all defined as
proportions of the total housing stock, the total population, or the total number of households

1. The public housing stock, defined as the percentage of the

total number of dwelling units in the urban area that is
owned, managed, and controlled by the public sector
2. owner-occupancy, defined as the percentage of all
households who own the dwelling units that they occupy
3. unauthorized housing, defined as the percentage of the total
housing stock in the urban area that is not in compliance
with current regulations concerning land ownership land use
and zoning and building construction
4. squatter housing, defined as the percentage of the total
housing stock in the urban area that is currently occupying
land illegally
5. homelessness, defined as the number of people per
thousand of the urban area population who sleep outside
dwelling units (e.g., on streets, in parks, railroad stations,
and under bridges) or in temporary shelter in charitable
institutions.
6. The Home Ownership Premium, defined as the ratio of the
hedonic house price index and the hedonic rent index
When it is higher than 1.0 it suggests that there is a premium to pay for
owning rather than renting a home. Conversely,
 The Determinants of Tenure Measures of
Housing Quantity

Finally, the model for homelessness using the

Global Survey data and the same explanatory
variables did not yield any significant or
meaningful statistical results. It is presented
on the sixth row of table 23.3 for inspection
only.