MEASUREMENT CENTRAL TENDENCY

TOURISM STATISTICS – 5TH SESSION

  The central tendency is the extent to
which all the data values group around
a typical or central value.
CENTRAL
TENDENCY  Mode, Median, Mean are statistical
techniques used to describe groups,
which are based on the central tendency
(symptoms) of the group, but these
three types of techniques, which
measure the symptoms of the center are
different.
 The arithmetic mean (often just called “mean”) is
the most common measure of central tendency.
THE MEAN​ For a sample of size n:
FINDING
THE MEAN

 The most common measure

of central tendency
 Mean = sum of values
divided by the number of
values
  In an ordered array, the median is the “middle”
number (50% above, 50% below)
 The location of the median when the values are in
numerical order n  1
Median position  position in the ordered data
2
 Not affected by extreme values
THE MEDIAN  If the number of values is odd, the median is the
middle number
 If the number of values is even, the median is the
average of the two middle numbers
 For example, the height of 10 students is as follows: 145,
147, 167, 166, 160, 164, 165, 170, 171, 180 cm.

To find the median, then the data must be sorted first, so if

ordered from high to low, the results are

LOCATING THE MEDIAN 180, 171, 170, 167, 166, 165, 164, 160, 147, 145

The number of individuals in the group is even, so the

middle value is the two middle numbers divided by two, or
the average of the two middle numbers. then the median
value of the student group is 165.5 cm.
  Value that occurs most often
 Not affected by extreme values
 Used for either numerical or categorical (nominal) data
 There may be no mode

THE MODE  There may be several modes

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
REVIEW EXAMPLE

 Mean : ($3,000,000/5)
= $600,000
 Median : middle value of ranked
data
= $300,000
 Mode : most frequent value
= $100,000
 The mean is generally used, unless extreme
values (outliers) exist.

WHICH MEASURE The median is often used, since the median is

TO CHOOSE? not sensitive to extreme values. For example,
median home prices may be reported for a
region; it is less sensitive to outliers.

In some situations, it makes sense to report

both the mean and the median.
QUARTILE

Quartile is the value that separates each 25% of the frequencies in each
distribution.

Therefore, every distribution has 3 quartiles with the formula:

DECILE
In each frequency distribution there are 9 (Nine) deciles, each of which limits each 10% in each
distribution.

The first decile (D1), the second decile (D2), and so on until the ninth decile (D9).

The Decile formula is in principle the same as the Media formula and the Quartile formula, the
difference is only in the N component and the denominator is no longer 4 but 10.

For single data, the value of Decile 1 is:

While Decile 5 are:

PERCENTILE

 A percentile is a point in the frequency distribution that is the lower 1% limit. In other
words, the percentile is the value that separates each 1% of the frequencies in each
distribution.
 In each frequency distribution there are 99 percentiles, namely P1, P2, P3, … P99
 The formula for determining the percentile for single data is as follows:
 K2 = D5 = P50
THANKYOU
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