Angle Modulation

 In AM signals, the amplitude of a carrier is modulated by a

signal m(t), and, hence, the information content of m(t) is
in the amplitude variations of the carrier,
 Other two parameters of the carrier sinusoid, namely its
frequency and phase, can also be varied in proportion to
the message signal as frequency-modulated and phase-
modulated signals, respectively.

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Angle Modulation
 We know that noise is directly proportional to the bandwidth of the signal.
So bandwidth reduction was required. This motivates to define frequency
modulation.
 The carrier frequency ω(t) would be varied with time so that ω(t)=ωc +
km(t). where k is an arbitrary constant.
 If the peak amplitude of m(t) is mp , then the maximum and minimum
values of the carrier frequency would be ωc+kmp and ωc-kmp. Hence, the
spectral components would remain within this band with a bandwidth
2kmp centered at ωc.
 It was understood by changing k we can control the bandwidth, but FM BW
is always greater or equal to AM BW.
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Instantaneous Frequency
 Frequency of FM signal is varying with
message, which means carrier
frequency is changing continuously
every instant
 Let us consider a generalized sinusoidal
signal

 where is the generalized angle and is a

function of t.
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Angle Modulation
 Now we can see the possibility of transmitting the information of
m(t) by varying the angle of a carrier.

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Relationship between FM and PM
 In both PM and FM the angle of a
carrier is varied in proportion to
some measure of m(t).

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Power of an Angle-Modulated Wave
 The instantaneous frequency and phase of an angle-
modulated wave can vary with time,
 The amplitude A remains constant.
 Hence, the power of an angle-modulated wave (PM
or FM) is always A2/2, regardless of the value of kp
or kf.

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Example
 Sketch FM and PM waves for the modulating signal m(t) shown in
Fig. The constants kf and kp are 2π x 105 and 10 π, respectively. and
the carrier frequency is 100 MHz.

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Example
 Sketch FM and PM waves for the modulating signal m(t) shown in
Fig. The constants kf and kp are 2π x 105 and π/2, respectively. and
the carrier frequency is 100 MHz.

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Example
 For angle modulated signal with =1 MHz

 Find power of the signal

 Maximum and minimum frequencies

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Recap

Signals
Basics of Comm System
Signal Approximation
FS and FT
Modulation
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Modulations Recap
 A general sine wave can be written as:

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Angle Modulation Recap

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Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Waves
 AM is linear modulation
 Frequency of the message signal is shifted to the carrier
signal and bandwidth becomes 2B.
 FM and PM are nonlinear modulations
 Here bandwidth calculations are rather difficult for
general message signal.
 For simplicity lets consider a simple case

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Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Waves

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Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Waves

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Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Waves

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Bessel Function Properties

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Bessel Function

For ß<<1,
J0(ß) dominates and is equal to 1
J1(ß)= ß/2

This is Narrow band FM

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Spectrum Properties of FM
 There is Carrier signal and infinite number of sidebands
FM
AM
 Amplitudes are decreasing with increasing the value of n
and ß
 For ß<<1, only J0 and J1 are significant and spectrum is
similar to AM i.e. NBFM
 For ß>>1, infinite number of spectral components i.e. WBFM
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Spectrum Properties of FM
 Theoretically BW of FM signal is infinity
 Practically:

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Bandwidth of FM

 For Power>0.98, it is observed that

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