Motion:

Motion: The state in which in

an object changes its position with
respect to time and surroundings is
called motion.
Eg. Motion of a car on the road,
rotation of the earth, rolling of ball
etc.
Rest: When the object does not
change its position with respect
to time and surroundings is
called rest.
 Both rest and motion are the
relative terms:
It is because an object can be at rest as well as in
motion at the same time depending on the
observer.
E.g. If two persons are sitting in the moving car on
the same seat, they both are rest with respect to
each other but when they are observed by a third
person from the outside then both the person will
be in motion for that person.
 Types of motion
• Straight line or Linear Motion: The motion in which an object
moves in a straight path is called straight line or linear motion.
• Rotatory Motion : The motion in which the individual particle of the
object moves around a fixed point is called rotatory motion.
• Vibratory Motion: The rapid to and fro or up and down motion is
called vibratory motion.
• Oscillatory Motion: The slow vibratory motion in which the object
moves from its mean position to its extreme position and again
moves to its extreme position in the opposite direction and returns
back to its mean position is called oscillatory motion
• Rolling Motion: The complex type of motion in which the object
posses both rotatory as well as straight line motion is called rolling
motion.
 Types of physical quantities:
SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY

The physical quantities which The physical quantities which

have only magnitude but no have both magnitude as well as
direction are called scalar direction are called vector
physical quantities physical quantities.

These quantities are always These quantities can be

positive. positive, zero or negative.

Example: distance, speed, time, Example: displacement,

mass etc. velocity, acceleration,
momentum etc.
 Describing the motion
• To describe the motion of the object we
should know the origin of the object.
• Origin: The point from where the object
starts moving is called origin. It is also
known as the initial position or the
reference point of the object.
 DISTANCE
• The total length of the path covered between the
initial and the final position of the object is called
distance.
• It is denoted by s.
• Its SI unit is metre (m). Other units are millimetre
(mm), centimetre and kilometre (km).
• It is a scalar quantity as it has only magnitude but no
direction.
• It is always positive.
 DISPLACEMENT
• The shortest distance between the two position
in a particular direction is called displacement.
• It is also denoted by s.
• Its SI unit is metre (m).
• It is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude
as well as direction.
• Being a vector quantity it can be positive, zero
or negative.
 NOTES:
• When the object travels in a straight line distance travelled by
the object and its displacement are equal.
• It can never be possible that the distance travelled by the object
is smaller than its displacement.
• When the object is in circular motion or when the initial and the
final position of the object is same there will be the distance
travelled by the object but its displacement will be zero.
• The distance travelled by the automobile is given by the device
called odometer.
 Uniform and Non Uniform Motion

Uniform Motion Non Uniform Motion

When the object covers equal distance When the object covers unequal
in equal interval of time is called distance in equal interval of time is
uniform motion. called non uniform motion

In uniform motion the speed is always In non uniform motion the speed is
constant . not constant.

Graph obtained for the uniform Graph obtained for the non uniform
motion is always a straight line graph. motion is always a curved graph.

Example: A car moving wit the Motion of car on a busy road.

constant speed on a straight road.
 SPEED
• The rate of change of distance is called speed. ‘OR’ The
distance travelled by an object per unit time is called speed.
• It is denoted by v.
• Mathematically Speed = Distance travelled/ time. i.e v = s/t
• SI unit of speed is m/s. It can also be expressed in cm/s,
Km/h and mile/h.
• It is a scalar quantity as it has only magnitude but no
direction.
• Speed is always positive, it can never be negative or zero.
• Speed of an automobile is measured by a device called
speedometer.
 Average Speed
• Total distance travelled by an object in total
time interval is called average speed.
• Mathematically
average speed = total distance travelled/ total
time
v= s1 + s2 + s3/ t1 + t2 + t3
• SI unit of average speed is m/s. It can also be
expressed in km/h.
• It is also a scalar quantity.
 VELOCITY
• The change in displacement per unit time is called velocity.
Or
The rate of change of displacement is called velocity.
• It is denoted by v .
• Mathematically velocity = displacement/time
i.e v = s/t.
• SI unit of velocity is m/s. It can also be expressed in cm/s,
Km/h and mile/h.
• It is a vector quantity as it has only magnitude as well as
direction.
• velocity can be positive, zero or negative.
 AVERAGE VELOCITY
• It is defined as the total displacement shown by the object in total
time.
OR
It is also defined as the arithmetic mean of initial and the final
velocity of the object.
• Mathematically
Avg. Velocity =total displacement/total time
Also
Avg. Velocity = initial velocity + final velocity/time
i.e Vavg = u + v/2 .
• SI unit of average velocity is m/s.
• It is a vector quantity as it has only magnitude as well as direction.
• velocity can be positive, zero or negative.
 ACCELERATION
• The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
• It is denoted by a.
• Mathematically
Acceleration= final velocity – initial velocity/time
i.e a = v-u/t
• Its SI unit is m/s2 .
• It is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude as well as
direction.
• Being a vector quantity it can be positive, zero or negative.
• Negative acceleration is known as retardation or deceleration.
• Uniform acceleration: When there is uniform
change in velocity with respect to time is called
uniform acceleration.

• Non uniform acceleration: When there is non

uniform change in velocity with respect to time is
called non uniform acceleration.

• Retardation or Deceleration: When the rate of

change of velocity is opposite direction of motion
is called retardation.
 Graphical representation of motion

• The pictorial representation of data

in a proper sequence is called Graph.
 Advantages of Graph
• It makes the problem easier to understand.
• It makes the presentation easier.
• It helps in determining unknown physical
quantity.
• Through graph it becomes easier to draw out
the conclusion
Distance time graph for
uniform motion:
Distance time graph for
uniform motion is a straight
line graph. From this graph we
can find out the speed of the
object the speed for uniform
motion is constant.
The speed can be calculated
by calculating the slope of the
graph.
Slope = P/B
Slope = BC/AC
= S2 – S1/t2 – t1
S/t
Therefore
V = S/t
Distance time graph for non uniform motion:
For non uniform
motion graph
obtained is a curved
graph and the speed
of the object is not
constant.
Distance time graph for the object at rest
For the object at
rest the distance
time graph
obtained is a
straight line graph
parallel to time axis
 VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION

Velocity time graph is a

straight line graph parallel
to time axis form this
graph we can calculate the
distance travelled by the
object by calculating the
area under the graph.

Distance = Area below the

graph.
S = Area of rectangle ABCD
S = Length * breadth
S = (V2 – V1)* (t2 – t1)
Therefore S = V * t
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR NON UNIFORM MOTION

For non uniform motion

the velocity time graph
is a curved graph and
the velocity of the
object is not constant.
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Velocity time graph for uniform

acceleration is a straight line graph
starting from the origin. From the
above graph we can calculate the
acceleration by calculating the slope of
the graph.
Acceleration = Slope of the graph.
Acceleration = slope = P/B
In right triangle ADE.
a= slope = P/B
a= ED/AD
a= v2 – V1/t2 – t1
a= v-u/t
 VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR NON UNIFORM ACCELERATION

For non uniform

acceleration the
graph obtained is a
curved graph.
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM RETARDATION:

Velocity time graph

for uniform
retardation is a
straight line graph
with negative
slope.
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR NON UNIFORM RETARDATION

velocity time graph

for the non
uniform
retardation is a
curved graph with
negative
acceleration
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION:
When the object posses accelerated motion it
follows the equations of motion and these
equations are:
1. V = u + at (velocity time relation)
2. S = ut + 1/2at2 (position time relation)
3. V2 – U2 =2as (position velocity relation)
DERIVATION FOR THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION
DERIVATION OF EQUATION OF MOTION CONTINUED
 CIRCULAR MOTION
1. The motion of the object in a circular path where its initial and
final position is same is called circular motion.
2. In circular motion displacement of the object is zero but the
distance travelled is equal to the circumference of the circular
path.
3. In circular motion the speed of the object is calculated as 2pi r/t
and the velocity is called the angular velocity.
4. Circular motion is known as uniformly accelerated motion as in
circular motion the velocity of the object changes at every point
because of the change in direction of the object the velocity
changes as it is a vector quantity and thus produces the
acceleration.
5. The direction of motion of the object in circular path is always a
straight line tangent to the circular path and the direction of
acceleration is towards the centre of the circular path.