TRANSFORMERS

BY ARYAN BAJAJ
CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION
• WORKING
• CASE 1 ideal
• Practical
• Types
• uses
 INTRODUCTION

• Static machine which transfers potential

from 1 level to another without changing
frequency
• Works purely on AC supply
• Usually low reluctance (opposition to the
magnetic flux) and high permittivity
(basically how easily material gets
magnetized)
TYPES

• Based on supply single phase , three phase

• Based on winding auto transformer, 2 winding transformer three wind,6 wind transformer
• Based on construction Core type and shell type
• Based on function step up and down
• And more like based on service , measurement cooling etc
 WORKING

• AC changes polarity hence produces a varying magnetic

field
• If there is no change in magnetic field then induction wont
happen hence only AC can be used not DC
works based on faradays law of EM induction
• which basically states EMF(Volt) is proportional to rate of
change of the magnetic field rate and number of windings
SYMBOLS

Air-core Transformer

Iron-core Transformer

Step-down
Transformer
Step-up
Transformer
IDEAL CASE

• EMF on primary side of transformer can be obtained by expression E 1 = -N1*df /dt

• Here F is magnitude of flux

• N is number of windings

• Similarly for secondary side od transformer E 2 = -N2*df /dt

• Now if -N1 = -N2 then E1 = E 2

• Hence if number of windings remain constant emf transferred remains same

• Similarly by varying number of windings we can increase (step up) or decrease (step down )voltage
REAL LIFE

• In real life losses occur in transfer of energy

• Since Magnetic field is not bound to core and can use other mediums Some flux use air
as medium
• To prevent we need to ionize air for charges to jump from 1 circuit to other which
requires very high energy

In real transformers thin laminate sheets used to prevent Eddie current that would happen in
high surface area like book
 1 EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER

• Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Weber) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

• As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φm from 0. It reaches to the maximum
value in one quarter of the cycle i.e in T/4 sec (where, T is time period of the sin wave of the supply = 1/f).
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f) = 4f Φm (Wb/s). (1)

• Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn

Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm Volts
II EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMERS

• Form factor = RMS value / average value (2)

• When the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11 (3)
• Putting (3) and (1) in equation (2) we have

• Therefore, RMS value = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm.

• This value is for a single turn , to calculate emf for primary winding winding we
have

• E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm (4)

• Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E 2) can be given as

• E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm (5)
III EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER

• From (4) and (5) we have

or
• This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio.

• If N2 > N1, i.e. K > 1, then the transformer is called step-up transformer.

• If N2 < N1, i.e. K < 1, then the transformer is called step-down transformer.

• This is called the emf equation of transformer

 I STRUCTURE OF TRANSFORMER

• Sheets are laminated and coated with oxide layer to reduce eddy
current
• Special grade of heat treated grain oriented silicon steel to
minimize hysteresis loss and have high permeability
• Thickness is 0.35 for 50 hz AC
II STRUCTURE OF TRANSFORMER
THANK YOU