Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Manav Rachna International Institute of
Research & Studies
Faridabad (Haryana)
Unit-04 (System drives and devices)
Subject: CNC Technology and Programming
Subject Code: BME-DS-627
Second Year – Sixth Semester
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Academic Session: Feb 2024 – May2024
 Topics

1)Hydraulic and Pneumatic motors

2)Features of Hydraulic and
Pneumatic motors
3)Electrical motors AC/DC and their
features
4)Stepper motor
5)encoders

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 Introduction

Hydraulic and pneumatic motors are both rotary or linear

machines that convert fluid power into mechanical work.
They utilize the principle of transferring energy through a
pressurized fluid. However, they differ in the type of fluid they
use.

• Hydraulic motors use a liquid, typically oil, as their working

fluid.
• A hydraulic pump forces the fluid under high pressure into the
motor, where it acts on pistons or vanes to create a rotating
motion.
• Hydraulic motors are known for their high torque output and
ability to operate in harsh environments.
3 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad
 Hydraulic Motor and its application

4 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Hydraulic Motor and its application

Construction equipment: excavators, loaders, etc.

Manufacturing machinery: presses, injection molding machines,
etc.
Agricultural equipment: tractors, combines, etc.
Robotics
Wind turbine powertrains

5 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Pneumatic Motors

•Pneumatic motors use compressed air as their working fluid.

•The compressed air is directed into a chamber with vanes or blades, which are forced to
rotate by the pressure of the air.
•Pneumatic motors are lighter and less complex than hydraulic motors, but they also
produce less torque.
Pneumatic motor applications
•Assembly line tools such as drills, screwdrivers, and sanders
•Packaging machiner
•Food and beverage processing equipment
•Textile machinery
•Door openers

6 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Pneumatic Motors

7 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Motors

Choosing between a hydraulic and pneumatic motor

The best type of motor for a particular application will depend on a number of
factors, including the required torque, speed, and operating environment.
Torque: Hydraulic motors are generally a better choice for applications that
require high torque.
Speed: Pneumatic motors can achieve higher speeds than hydraulic motors.
Environment: Hydraulic motors are more suitable for harsh environments
because they are not as susceptible to contamination by dirt or dust.
Cost: Pneumatic motors are generally less expensive than hydraulic

8 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Features of Hydraulic Motors

High power output: Hydraulic motors can generate a significant amount of

power, making them ideal for heavy-duty applications.
High torque: Hydraulic motors can produce high torque even at low speeds,
making them well-suited for applications that require starting or stopping under
load.
Precise control: Hydraulic motors can be precisely controlled by regulating
the flow and pressure of the hydraulic fluid.
Good for harsh environments: Hydraulic motors are sealed to protect them
from dirt, dust, and water, making them suitable for use in harsh environments.
Low speed: Hydraulic motors typically operate at slower speeds compared to
pneumatic motors.

9 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Features of Pneumatic Motors

Simple design: Pneumatic motors have a simple design, making them relatively
inexpensive to manufacture and maintain.
Fast speed: Pneumatic motors can operate at high speeds, making them ideal for
applications that require rapid cycling or acceleration.
Clean operation: Pneumatic motors use compressed air, which eliminates the
risk of oil leaks and contamination.
Lower power output: Pneumatic motors typically have a lower power output
compared to hydraulic motors.
Lower torque: Pneumatic motors produce less torque compared to hydraulic
motors.
Susceptible to compressibility of air: Since air is compressible, pneumatic
motors can experience a slight loss of speed or power under heavy loads.

10 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Essential requirements of a machine tool

a) Low cost- the initial cost of the machine tool as well as the cost of production
should be low.
b) High accuracy- the machine tool should be capable of producing high quality
products at highest possible speed.
c) High useful life- the machine tool should render a trouble free service while
retaining its accuracy for longer period.
d) Low maintenance cost- the maintenance of machine tool should be easy and
maintenance cost should be low.
e) Reliability – the machine tool should retain accuracy over a period of its life.
f) Ease of operation- it should be easy to operate the machine tool.
g) High production capacity- it is defined as the ability of machine tool to machine
a definite number of workpiece in unit time.
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 Introduction toElectrical Motors

 Electrical motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. They are essential components in a wide range of applications, from
powering blender in your kitchen to the massive electric motors used in
industrial plants.
 Electric motors work on the principle of electromagnetism. When an electric
current flows through a wire, it creates a magnetic field around the wire. This
magnetic field can interact with another magnetic field to produce a force. In an
electric motor, this force is used to rotate a shaft.
 There are two main types of electric motors: AC motors and DC motors. AC
motors are powered by alternating current (AC), while DC motors are powered
by direct current (DC). AC motors are more common than DC motors because
they are simpler to design and operate. However, DC motors can provide more

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precise control ofofspeed
Department and Manav
M.E./ F.E.T./ torque.
Rachna International University/ Faridabad
 Types of Electric Motors

There are two main types of electric motors:

AC motors and DC motors.
 AC motors are powered by alternating current (AC), while DC motors
are powered by direct current (DC).
 AC motors are more common than DC motors because they are
simpler to design and operate.
 However, DC motors can provide more precise control of speed and
torque.

13 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Some common Types of electric motors

Brushed DC motors: These are the simplest type of DC motor. They

have a commutator, which is a rotating switch that reverses the
direction of current flow in the motor's windings. This reversal of
current is what causes the motor to rotate.

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 Some common Types of electric motors

Brushless DC motors: These motors are more efficient than

brushed DC motors because they don't have a commutator.
Instead, they use electronic controls to switch the current flow in
the motor's windings.

15 Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad

 Some common Types of electric motors

AC induction motors: These are the most common type of AC motor.

They work on the principle of induction, where a rotating magnetic
field in the stator (the stationary part of the motor) induces a current
in the rotor (the rotating part of the motor). This current creates a
magnetic field in the rotor that interacts with the stator's magnetic
field to produce a torque.

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Department of M.E./ F.E.T./ Manav Rachna International University/ Faridabad
 Some common Types of electric motors

Synchronous AC motors:
 These motors rotate at a constant speed that is synchronized with
the frequency of the AC power supply.
 They are used in applications where a constant speed is required,
such as in clocks and generators.
 Electric motors are essential components in our modern world.
 They are used in a wide range of applications, and their development
has played a major role in the advancement of technology.

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 Stepper motor

A stepper motor is an electric motor that rotates in a series of small angular steps,
instead of continuously. Unlike a regular DC motor, which can spin freely, a stepper
motor moves in discrete increments called steps. This makes them ideal for precise
positioning applications, such as in:
 3D printers
 CNC machines
 Disk drives
 Robotics
 Cameras

Stepper motors are relatively simple in design. They have a central rotating shaft
(rotor) surrounded by a toothed electromagnet (stator). The stator is made up of
multiple coils that can be energized in sequence to create a rotating magnetic field.
By changing the sequence of energized coils, the rotor can be made to rotate in one
direction
18 or the other, and the number of steps determines the rotational angle.
 Stepper motor

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 Types of Stepper motor
There are two main types of stepper motors: unipolar and bipolar.
Unipolar stepper motors have a simpler coil design, but they require more complex drive circuitry.
Bipolar stepper motors have a more complex coil design, but they can be driven by simpler
circuitry.

Stepper motors offer several advantages over other types of motors, including:
High precision: Stepper motors can be very precisely controlled, making them ideal for applications
that require precise positioning.
Simple control: Stepper motors can be controlled with relatively simple circuitry.
Open-loop control: Stepper motors do not require a feedback mechanism to maintain their position.
This can make them simpler and less expensive to use than other types of motors.
However, stepper motors also have some disadvantages, including:
Lower speed: Stepper motors typically have lower speeds than other types of motors.
Lower efficiency: Stepper motors can be less efficient than other types of motors, especially at high
speeds.
Resonance: Stepper motors can be susceptible to resonance, which can cause them to vibrate and

lose accuracy.
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 Encoders

Digital electronics, an encoder is a circuit that converts information

from a format with many bits (parallel) to a format with fewer bits
(serial). Encoders are typically used to reduce the number of wires
needed to transmit data. There are two main types of encoders in
digital electronics:

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 Types of Encoders in digital electronics

Simple encoders: These encoders convert a one-hot input (where only one

input line is active at a time) into a binary code.

For example, a 4-to-2 encoder takes 4 input bits and outputs 2 bits that represent

the active input line.

Priority encoders: These encoders are similar to simple encoders, but they also

consider the priority of each input. If multiple input lines are active at the same

time, the encoder will output the code for the highest-priority input.

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 Encoders

. An encoder can also be a sensor that converts physical motion or

position into an electrical signal. Encoders are used in a wide variety
of applications, such as:
Rotary encoders: These encoders are used to track the rotation of a
shaft. They are commonly used in motors, robots, and other devices
that need to control precise movements.
Linear encoders: These encoders are used to track the linear
position of an object. They are used in machines such as 3D printers
and CNC machines.
Shaft encoders: These encoders are a type of rotary encoder that is
specifically designed to be mounted on a shaft.
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